Teachers at Work During the Pandemic. A Qualitative Research about Transformative Experiences and Resilience at School

Maria Gabriella Pediconi, Michela Brunori, Eric Olijnyk

Abstract


The emergency due to the pandemic of COVID-19 has required great adaptability and resilience from teachers and students. This study explores teachers’ experiences with distance learning during the first Italian lockdown, investigating their personal and professional responsiveness to unexpected circumstances. A sample of 32 primary and 24 secondary school teachers responded to a narrative survey created ad hoc to highlight the differences between the experience factors that characterized the impact and the resilience in the state of emergency. Narratives were explored through T-Lab software, aiming to extract the main themes and their significance. Content analysis of teachers’ narratives indicated significant differences between the affective resources invested in primary and secondary teachers. If primary teachers were supported by affective relationships with students in handling their personal and professional resilience, secondary teachers based their management of emergency on the continuity of teaching methods and scholastic tasks.


Keywords


teachers; distance schooling; pandemic; qualitative research; resilience

Full Text:

PDF

References


Aburn, G., Gott, M., & Hoare, K. (2016). What is resilience? An integrative review of the empirical literature. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 72(5), 980–1000. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.12888

Ahnert, L., Harwardt-Heinecke, E., Kappler, G., Eckstein-Madry, T., & Milatz, A. (2012). Student–teacher relationships and classroom climate in first grade: How do they relate to students’ stress regulation? Attachment & Human Development, 14(3), 249–263. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2012.673277

Ainsworth, M.D.S. (1973). The development of infant-mother attachment. In Review of Child Development Research (Vol. 3, pp. 1–94). University of Chicago Press.

American Psychological Association. (2018). APA Dictionary of Psychology. Resilience. https://dictionary.apa.org/resilience

Andreou, E., Roussi, C., Tsermentseli, S., Menabò, L., & Guarini, A. (2022). Teachers’ self-efficacy during the COVID-19 pandemic in Greece: The role of risk perception and teachers’ relationship with technology. Education Sciences, 12(9), 600. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci12090600

Ardizzoni, S., Bolognesi, I., Salinaro, M., & Scarpini, M. (2020). Didattica a distanza con le famiglie: L’esperienza di insegnanti e genitori, in Italia e in Cina, durante l’emergenza sanitaria 2020. Uno studio preliminare. In Infanzia, famiglie, servizi educativi e scolastici nel Covid-19, Riflessioni pedagogiche sugli effetti del lockdown e della prima fase di riapertura (pp. 71–79).

Areba, E.M., Taliaferro, L.A., Forster, M., McMorris, B.J., Mathiason, M.A., & Eisenberg, M.E. (2021). Adverse childhood experiences and suicidality: School connectedness as a protective factor for ethnic minority adolescents. Children and Youth Services Review, 120, 105637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105637

Baldacci, M. (2010). Teoria, prassi e “modello” in pedagogia, Un’interpretazione della prospettiva problematicista. Education Sciences & Society, 1(1), 65–75.

Baldacci, M. (2013). Manuale della metodologia educativa. De Agostini.

Banks, F., & Barlex, D. (2001). “No one forgets a good teacher!” What do “good” technology teachers know? European Education, 33(4), 17–27. https://doi.org/10.2753/EUE1056-4934330417

Boccacin, L. (2012). Processi di partnership e stili relazionali emergenti. Sociologia, cambiamento e politica sociale, 211–220.

Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss (Fascicolo 79). Random House.

Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss: Retrospect and prospect. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 52(4), 664.

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2012). Thematic Analysis. American Psychological Association.

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2021). One size fits all? What counts as quality practice in (reflexive) thematic analysis? Qualitative Research in Psychology, 18(3), 328–352. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2020.1769238

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2023). Toward good practice in thematic analysis: Avoiding common problems and be(com)ing a knowing researcher. International Journal of Transgender Health, 24(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/26895269.2022.2129597

Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design. Harvard University Press.

Bronfenbrenner, U., & Morris, P.A. (1998). The ecology of developmental processes. In Handbook of Child Psychology: Theoretical Models of Human Development (5 ed., Vol. 1, pp. 993–1028). John Wiley & Sons.

Burns, D., Ospina, S.M., & Howard, J. (2021). The SAGE Handbook of Participatory Research and Inquiry. Sage.

Cataudella, S., Carta, S.M., Mascia, M.L., Masala, C., Petretto, D.R., Agus, M., & Penna, M.P. (2021). Teaching in times of the COVID-19 pandemic: A pilot study on teachers’ self-esteem and self-efficacy in an Italian sample. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(15), 8211. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18158211

Connelly, F.M., & Clandinin, D.J. (1990). Stories of experience and narrative inquiry. Educational Researcher, 19(5), 2–14. https://doi.org/10.2307/1176100

Connelly, F.M., & Clandinin, D.J. (2012). Narrative inquiry. In Handbook of Complementary Methods in Education Research (pp. 477–487). Routledge.

Conte, E., Cavioni, V., & Ornaghi, V. (2024). Exploring stress factors and coping strategies in Italian teachers after COVID-19: Evidence from qualitative data. Education Sciences, 14(2), 152. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14020152

Crescenza, G., Fiorucci, M., Rossiello, M.C., & Stillo, L. (2021). Education and the pandemic: Distance learning and the school-family relationship. Research in Education and Learning Innovation Archives, 26, 73. https://doi.org/10.7203/realia.26.18078

Di Martino, P., & Funghi, S. (2016). “Think about your math teachers”: A narrative bridge between future primary teachers’ identity and their school experience. Proceedings of the PME Conference, 2, 211–218.

Di Martino, P., & Zan, R. (2010). ‘Me and maths’: Towards a definition of attitude grounded on students’ narratives. Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education, 13(1), 27–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10857-009-9134-z

Doz, E., Cuder, A., Caputi, M., Pellizzoni, S., & Passolunghi, M. C. (2023). Distance learning environment: Perspective of Italian primary and secondary teachers during COVID-19 pandemic. Learning Environments Research, 26(2), 555–571. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10984-022-09451-9

Dursun, O.O. (2019). Pre-service information technology teachers’ self-efficacy, self-esteem and attitudes towards teaching: A four-year longitudinal study. Contemporary Educational Technology, 10(2), 137–155. https://doi.org/10.30935/cet.554478

Elo, S., & Kyngäs, H. (2008). The qualitative content analysis process. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 62(1), 107–115. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04569.x

Emslander, V., Holzberger, D., Ofstad, S., Fischbach, A., & Scherer, R. (2023). Teacher-student relationships and student outcomes: A systematic review of meta-analyses and second-order meta-analysis. PsyArXivPreprints. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/qxntb

Fletcher, D., & Sarkar, M. (2013). Psychological resilience. A review and critique of definitions, concepts, and theory. European Psychologist, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000124

Forlani, F., Dini, M., & Pencarelli, T. (2022). The importance of food and beverages in wellness experiences: A cross-continental analysis of tourists’ perceptions. British Food Journal, 124(13), 520–540. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-05-2022-0430

Forlani, F., & Pencarelli, T. (2019). Using the experiential approach in marketing and management: A systematic literature review. Mercati & competitività, 3, 17–50. https://doi.org/10.3280/mc3-2019oa8500

Frisaldi, E. (2009). «L’immaginario della psichiatria» nelle parole di chi racconta la propria esperienza di disagio mentale. Master in Comunicazione della Scienza della SISSA di Trieste, Trieste. SISSA.

Fullerton, D.J., Zhang, L.M., & Kleitman, S. (2021). An integrative process model of resilience in an academic context: Resilience resources, coping strategies, and positive adaptation. Plos one, 16(2). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246000

Gatti, F.M., & Graffigna, G. (2009). Due software per l’analisi testuale: Atlas.ti e T-lab. In Fare ricerca qualitativa: Prima guida (pp. 183–192). Franco Angeli. dahttps://publires.unicatt.it/it/publications/due-software-per-lanalisi-testuale-atlasti-e-t-lab-9

Goodwin, J. (2012). SAGE Biographical Research. Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446268537

Hatfield, B.E., & Williford, A.P. (2017). Cortisol patterns for young children displaying disruptive behavior: Links to a teacher-child, relationship-focused intervention. Prevention Science, 18(1), 40–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-016-0693-9

Havik, T., & Ingul, J.M. (2022). Remote education/homeschooling during the COVID-19 pandemic, school attendance problems, and school return – teachers’ experiences and reflections. Frontiers in Education, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.895983

Henrich, C.C., Brookmeyer, K.A., & Shahar, G. (2005). Weapon violence in adolescence: Parent and school connectedness as protective factors. Journal of Adolescent Health, 37(4), 306–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.03.022

Hidalgo-Andrade, P., Hermosa-Bosano, C., & Paz, C. (2021). Teachers’ mental health and self-reported coping strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ecuador: A mixed-methods study. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 933–944. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S314844

Hodges, T.S., Kerch, C., & Fowler, M. (2020). Teacher education in the time of COVID-19: Creating digital networks as university-school-family partnerships. Middle Grades Review, 6(2), n2.

Izzo, D., & Ciurnelli, B. (2020). L’impatto della pandemia sulla didattica: Percezioni, azioni e reazioni dal mondo della scuola. Lifelong Lifewide Learning, 16(36), 26–43. https://doi.org/10.19241/lll.v16i36.535

Johnson, S., Cooper, C., Cartwright, S., Donald, I., Taylor, P., & Millet, C. (2005). The experience of work-related stress across occupations. Journal of managerial psychology, 20(2), 178–187. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940510579803

Kim, J., & Kim, E. (2022). Relationship between self-esteem and technological readiness: mediation effect of readiness for change and moderated mediation effect of gender in South Korean teachers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(14), Article 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148463

King, N., Brooks, J., & Horrocks, C. (2018). Interviews in Qualitative Research. Sage. http://digital.casalini.it/9781473986923

Klapproth, F., Federkeil, L., Heinschke, F., & Jungmann, T. (2020). Teachers’ experiences of stress and their coping strategies during COVID-19 induced distance teaching. Journal of Pedagogical Research, 4(4), 444–452. https://doi.org/10.33902/JPR.2020062805

Kozinets, R. (2015). Management netnography: Axiological and methodological developments in online cultural business research. In The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Business and Management Research Methods. Sage.

Krippendorff, K. (2018). Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology. Sage.

Lai, C., Pellicano, G., Iuliano, S., Ciacchella, C., Sambucini, D., Gennaro, A., & Salvatore, S. (2021). Why people join pro-Ana online communities? A psychological textual analysis of eating disorder blog posts. Computers in Human Behavior, 124, 106922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.106922

Lancia, F. (2004). Strumenti per l’analisi dei testi. Introduzione all’uso di T-LAB.

Longobardi, C. (2013). Misurare e valutare la qualità della relazione nel contesto educativo e scolastico. Psicologia dell’educazione, 7(2), 161–173.

Longobardi, C., Lin, S., & Fabris, M.A. (2022). Daytime sleepiness and prosocial behaviors in kindergarten: The Mediating role of student-teacher relationships quality. Frontiers in Education, 7, 710557. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.710557

Ma, K., Chutiyami, M., Zhang, Y., & Nicoll, S. (2021). Online teaching self-efficacy during COVID-19: Changes, its associated factors and moderators. Education and information technologies, 26(6), 6675–6697. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10486-3

Ma, K., Liang, L., Chutiyami, M., Nicoll, S., Khaerudin, T., & Ha, X.V. (2022). COVID-19 pandemic-related anxiety, stress, and depression among teachers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Work, 73(1), 3–27. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-220062

Macaluso, M., Siino, M., & Tumminelli, S. (2020). “Seconde generazioni”, identità e partecipazione politica (Vol. 243). Franco Angeli.

Manuti, A., Giancaspro, M.L., Gemmano, C.G., &Morrelli, F. (2022). Coping with the unexpected: A job demands/resources study exploring Italian teachers’ remote working experience during the COVID-19 lockdown. Teaching and Teacher Education: Leadership and Professional Development, 1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tatelp.2022.100010

Mazzoni, D., Marchetti, L., Albanesi, C., & Cicognani, E. (2018). L’uso di T-LAB in psicologia della salute. Una rassegna della letteratura. Psicologia della salute, 2018/2. https://doi.org/10.3280/PDS2018-002009

Meehan, B., Hughes, J., & Cavell, T. (2003). Teacher-student relationships as compensatory resources for aggressive children. Child Development, 74, 1145–1157. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00598

Messineo, L., & Tosto, C. (2023). Perceived stress and affective experience in Italian teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic: Correlation with coping and emotion regulation strategies. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 38(3), 1271–1293. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10212-022-00661-6

Moretti, A., Mason, M.C., & Raggiotto, F. (2016). Social network analysis in cultural tourism organizations. Methodological and managerial issues of text analysis approach of heritage festivals, 503–521.

Moretti, A., Mason, M.C., & Raggiotto, F. (2017). Exploring visitors’ motivation in heritage festivals. A text analysis perspective. Sinergie Italian Journal of Management, 35(May–Aug), 219–238.

Nang, A.F.M., Maat, S.M., & Mahmud, M.S. (2022). Teacher technostress and coping mechanisms during Covid-19 pandemic: A systematic review. Pegem Journal of Education and instruction, 12(2), 200–212. https://doi.org/10.47750/pegegog.12.02.20

O’Brien, L.M., & Schillaci, M. (2002). Why do i want to teach, anyway? Utilizing autobiography in teacher education. Teaching Education, 13(1), 25–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/1047210120128564

Ozamiz-Etxebarria, N., Idoiaga Mondragon, N., Bueno-Notivol, J., Pérez-Moreno, M., & Santabárbara, J. (2021). Prevalence of anxiety, depression, and stress among teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A rapid systematic review with meta-analysis. Brain Sciences, 11(9), 1172. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11091172

Pattaro, C. (2015). New media & youth identity. issues and research pathways. New Media.

Pattaro, C. (2016). Character education: Themes and researches. An academic literature review. Italian Journal of Sociology of Education, 8(02/2016), 6–30. https://doi.org/10.14658/pupj-ijse-2016-1-2

Pediconi, M.G., Brunori, M., & Romani, S. (2023). Back to school after corona virus disease of 2019: New relationships, distance schooling, and experienced routine. Continuity in Education, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.5334/cie.71

Pellerone, M. (2021). Self-perceived instructional competence, self-efficacy and burnout during the Covid-19 pandemic: A study of a group of Italian school teachers. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 11(2), 496–512. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe11020035

Pereira, H., Gonçalves, V.O., & Assis, R.M. de. (2021). Burnout, organizational self-efficacy and self-esteem among Brazilian teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 11(3), 795–803. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe11030057

Permatasari, N., Ashari, F.R., & Ismail, N. (2021). Contribution of perceived social support (peer, family, and teacher) to academic resilience during COVID-19. Golden Ratio of Social Science and Education, 1(1), 01–12. https://doi.org/10.52970/grsse.v1i1.94

Pianta, R.C., Hamre, B.K., & Allen, J.P. (2012). Teacher-student relationships and engagement: Conceptualizing, Measuring, and improving the capacity of classroom interactions. In S.L. Christenson, A.L. Reschly, & C. Wylie (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Student Engagement (pp. 365–386). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-2018-7_17

Pianta, R.C., Hamre, B., & Stuhlman, M. (2003). Relationships between teachers and children. In Handbook of Psychology: Educational Psychology (vol. 7, pp. 199–234). John Wiley & Sons. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/0471264385.wei0710

Quin, D. (2017). Longitudinal and contextual associations between teacher-student relationships and student engagement: A systematic review. Review of Educational Research, 87(2), 345–387. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654316669434

Rabaglietti, E., Lattke, L.S., Tesauri, B., Settanni, M., & De Lorenzo, A. (2021). A balancing act during covid-19: Teachers’ self-efficacy, perception of stress in the distance learning experience. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 644108. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.644108

Rageh, A., Melewar, T. C., & Woodside, A. (2013). Using netnography research method to reveal the underlying dimensions of the customer/tourist experience. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 16(2), 126–149. https://doi.org/10.1108/13522751311317558

Ramploud, A., Funghi, S., & Mellone, M. (2022). The time is out of joint. Teacher subjectivity during COVID-19. Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education, 25(5), 533–553. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10857-021-09506-3

Roman, T. A., Brantley-Dias, L., Dias, M., & Edwards, B. (2022). Addressing student engagement during COVID-19: Secondary STEM teachers attend to the affective dimension of learner needs. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 54(sup1), S65–S93. https://doi.org/10.1080/15391523.2021.1920519

Roorda, D. L., Jak, S., Zee, M., Oort, F. J., &Koomen, H. M. Y. (2017). Affective teacher–student relationships and students’ engagement and achievement: A meta-analytic update and test of the mediating Role of engagement. School Psychology Review, 46(3), 239–261. https://doi.org/10.17105/SPR-2017-0035.V46-3

Sabol, T., & Pianta, R. (2012). Recent trends in research on teacher-child relationships. Attachment & Human Development, 14, 213–231. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2012.672262

Savarese, G., Stornaiuolo, G., Faiella, F., Mannese, E., Plutino, A., & Lombardi, M.G. (2020). Percezione e rappresentazione sull’uso delle tecnologie digitali in docenti esperti e novizi: Analisi del contenuto delle interviste. Dalle Teaching Machines al Machine Learning, 223–233.

Sears-Tam, L.L. (2013). Didaskalos: The Invention of the Teacher in Classical Athens [Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Cornell University]. https://hdl.handle.net/1813/34399

Sisti, F. (2016). La teoria “estratta” dalla pratica degli educatori professionali: La scrittura come dispositivo di formazione continua. Formazione & insegnamento, 14(2), Articolo 2.

Sisti, F. (2017a). La teoria “estratta” dalla pratica degli educatori professionali: Le scritture educative come unità di analisi. Formazione & insegnamento, 15(1), Articolo 1.

Sisti, F. (2017b). L’analisi qualitativa delle pratiche educative: Gli sguardi dell’educatore come tracce di scrittura. Formazione & insegnamento, 15(2), Articolo 2.

Spilt, J.L., & Koomen, H.M.Y. (2022). Three decades of research on individual teacher-child relationships: A Chronological review of prominent attachment-based themes. Frontiers in Education, 7. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feduc.2022.920985

Stanley, L. (2008). Madness to the method? Using a narrative methodology to analyse large-scale complex social phenomena. Qualitative Research, 8(3), 435–447.

Stanley, L. (2010). On small and big stories of the quotidian: The commonplace and the extraordinary in narrative inquiry. University of Huddersfield.

Stanley, L. (2016). Introduction: Documents of life and critical humanism in a narrative and biographical frame. In Documents of Life Revisited (pp. 3–16). Routledge.

Stanley, L., & Temple, B. (2008). Narrative methodologies: Subjects, silences, re-readings and analyses. Qualitative Research, 8(3), 275–281. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794106093622

Takunyaci, M. (2021). Investigation of mathematics teachers’ self-efficacy in teaching mathematics in the COVID-19 pandemic process. Education Quarterly Reviews, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.31014/aior.1993.04.02.289

Tal, C., Tish, S., & Tal, P. (2022). Parental perceptions of their preschool and elementary school children with respect to teacher-family relations and teaching methods during the first COVID-19 lockdown. Pedagogical Research, 7(1), em0114. https://doi.org/10.29333/pr/11518

Tas, Y., Emınoglu, S., Atıla, G., Yıldız, Y., & Bozkurt, U. (2021). Teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs and opinions about distance education during the Covid-19 pandemic. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 22(4), 229–253. https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.1002868

Thornberg, R., Forsberg, C., Hammar Chiriac, E., &Bjereld, Y. (2022). Teacher–student relationship quality and student engagement: A sequential explanatory mixed-methods study. Research Papers in Education, 37(6), 840–859. https://doi.org/10.1080/02671522.2020.1864772

Truzoli, R., Pirola, V., & Conte, S. (2021). The impact of risk and protective factors on online teaching experience in high school Italian teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 37(4), 940–952. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.12533

Verschueren, K., Doumen, S., & Buyse, E. (2012). Relationships with mother, teacher, and peers: Unique and joint effects on young children’s self-concept. Attachment & Human Development, 14(3), 233–248. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2012.672263

Vidourek, R. A., King, K. A., Bernard, A. L., Murnan, J., & Nabors, L. (2011). Teachers’ strategies to positively connect students to school. American Journal of Health Education, 42(2), 116–126. https://doi.org/10.1080/19325037.2011.10599179

Weißenfels, M., Klopp, E., & Perels, F. (2022). Changes in teacher burnout and self-efficacy during the COVID-19 pandemic: Interrelations and e-learning variables related to change. Frontiers in Education, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2021.736992

Westphal, A., Kalinowski, E., Hoferichter, C.J., & Vock, M. (2022). K-12 teachers’ stress and burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic. A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 920326. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.920326

Yang, Y., Liu, K., Li, M., & Li, S. (2022). Students’ affective engagement, parental involvement, and teacher support in emergency remote teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from a cross-sectional survey in China. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 54(sup1), 148–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/15391523.2021.1922104

Yang, M., Oh, Y., Lim, S., & Kim, T. (2023). Teaching with collective resilience during COVID-19: Korean teachers and collaborative professionalism. Teaching and Teacher Education, 126, 104051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2023.104051

Yerushalmi, H. (2007). Paradox and personal growth during crisis. The American journal of psychoanalysis, 67, 359–380. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.ajp.3350038

Zhao, H.Q., & Poulson, L. (2006). A biographical narrative inquiry into teachers’ knowledge. An intergenerational approach. Asia Pacific Education Review, 7(2), 123–132. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03031536




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/pe.2024.8.129-160
Date of publication: 2024-12-13 13:07:01
Date of submission: 2024-05-01 23:54:09


Statistics


Total abstract view - 15
Downloads (from 2020-06-17) - PDF - 14

Indicators



Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2024 Maria Gabriella Pediconi

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.