Spirituality as Underrated Aspect of the Psyche. Proposal for a New Approach to Spirituality in the Area of Psychology – the Spiritual Sensitivity Category

Magdalena Kapała

Abstract


In the article, I present a proposal for a new approach to spirituality in the field of psychology – the spiritual sensitivity (a disposition to experience spirituality, manifested in the embracement of the nature of things in the transcendent and final perspective, in moral sensitivity, and the ability to find meaning in paradoxical and limiting situations), which consists of individual, interconnected competences (Holism and Harmony Wisdom, Awareness, Meaning; Religiosity and Faith; Ethics and Moral Sensitivity/Conscience; Openness to  Other People; Spiritual Commitment; Aesthetic Sensitivity). The proposed theoretical framework relates spirituality – abstract, ideational realm – to the specific, individualized, everyday life of a person, i.e. to the selection of objectives and measures for their implementation, as well as it allows to operationalization the spirituality in easier way in research studies. In the article, I briefly present the method for measuring spiritual sensitivity – Spiritual Sensitivity Inventory (SSI) (Straś-Romanowska, Kowal, Kapała) – and indicate some regularities detected in a series of studies on the nature of the phenomenon and its role in human life, e.g. its importance for the sense of subjectivity and subjective quality of life of people.


Keywords


spirituality; spiritual sensitivity; the components of spiritual sensitivity; Spiritual Sensitivity Inventory (SSI); subjectivity; subjective quality of life

Full Text:

PDF (Język Polski)

References


Alexander C., Langer E. (1990), Higher Stages of Human Development: Perspectives on Adult Growth, New York: Oxford University Press.

Amram Y. (2007), The Seven Dimensions of Spiritual Intelligence: An Ecumenical Grounded Theory, Presented at the 115th Annual Conference of the American Journal of Human Resources Management Research 8 Psychological Association, San Francisco, www.yosiamram.net/papers (dostęp: 10.10.2010).

Angleitner A., Riemann R. (1991), What can we learn from the discussion of personality questionnaires for the construction of temperament inventories?, [w:] J. Strelau, A. Angleither (eds.), Explorations in Temperament, New York: Plenum Press.

Arnett J. (2002), The psychology of globalization, “American Psychologist”, Vol. 57(10), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.57.10.774.

Arnett J., Galambos N. (2003), Culture and conceptions of adulthood, “New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development”, Issue 100, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cd.77.

Ball J., Armistead L., Austin B. (2003), The relationship between religiosity and adjustment among African-American, female, urban adolescents, “Journal of Adolescence”, Vol. 26.

Baltes P., Smith J. (1990), The psychology of wisdom and its ontogenesis, [w:] R. Sternberg (ed.), Wisdom: Its Nature, Origins, and Development, New York: Cambridge University Press.

Beck J. (2003), Self and soul: Exploring the boundary between psychotherapy and spiritual formation, “Journal of Psychology and Theory”, Vol. 31(1).

Bee H. (1996), The Journey of Adulthood, Upper Saddle River, New York: Prentice Hall.

Bennett J. (2004), Spirituality and the vitality of academic life, “Journal of College and Character”, Vol. 2(2).

Bielska E. (2001), Konteksty społeczeństwa globalnego a perspektywy tożsamości, [w:] T. Bajkowski, K. Sawicki (red.), Tożsamość osobowa a tożsamości społeczne, Białystok: TransHumana.

Bradford J. (1995), Caring for the Whole Child: A Holistic Approach to Spirituality, London: The Children’s Society.

Buber M. (1992), Ja i Ty, Warszawa: PAX.

Burish M. (1986), Methods of personality inventory development – a comperative analysis, [w:] A. Angleitner, J. Wiggins (eds.), Personality Assessment via Questionnaires. Curent Issues in Theory and Measurement, Berlin–Tokyo: Springer-Verlag.

Cela-Conde C.J., Ayala F.J., Munar E., Maestu F., Nadal M., Capo M.A. (2009), Sex-related similarities and differences in the neural correlates of beauty, “Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A.”, Vol. 106(10), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0900304106.

Chickering A. (2004), Encouraging authenticity and spirituality in higher education, “Journal of College and Character”, Vol. 2(2), DOI: https://doi.org/10.2202/1940-1639.1373.

Chlewiński Z. (1982), Psychologia religii, Lublin: TN KUL.

Coke M. (1992), Correlates of life satisfaction among elderly African Americans, “Journal of Gerontology”, No. 47.

Cole M., Scribner S. (1974), Culture and Thought: A Psychological Introduction, New York: Wiley.

Dein S., Loewenthal M. (1998), Editorial, “Mental Health, Religion and Culture”, Vol. 1(1), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13674679808406492.

Doyle D. (1992), Have we looked beyond the physical and psychosocial?, “Journal of Pain and Symptom Management”, Vol. 7, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0885-3924(92)90063-N.

Elkins D., Hedstrom L., Hughes L., Leaf J., Saunders C. (1988), Towards a humanistic-phenomenological spirituality, “Journal of Humanistic Psychology”, Vol. 28, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167888284002.

Elliott A. (2011), Współczesna teoria społeczna, Warszawa: PWN.

Emmons R. (2000), Is spirituality an intelligence? Motivation, cognition, and the psychology of ultimate concern, “International Journal for the Psychology of Religion”, Vol. 10, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327582IJPR1001_2.

Evans E., Wellman H. (2006), A case of stunted development? Existential reasoning is contingent on a developing theory of mind, “Behavioral and Brain Sciences”, Vol. 29, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X06319103.

Fairholm G. (1996), Spiritual leadership: Fulfilling whole-self needs at work, “Leadership & Organization Development Journal”, Vol. 17/5, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/01437739610127469.

Fetzer Instytute (1999/2003), Measurement of Religiousness/Spiritualit, Kalamazoo, MI: Fetzer Institute.

Frankl V. (1984), Homo patiens, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo PAX.

Frankl V. (2009), Człowiek w poszukiwaniu sensu, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Czarna Owca.

Friedmann L. (2001), Lexus i drzewo oliwne, Poznań: Rebis.

Fukuyama F. (1992), The End of History and the Last Man, New York: Free Press.

Gackenbach J. (1992), Childhood Experiences of Higher States of Consciousness:

Literature Review and Theoretical Integration (unpublished manuscript).

Gardner H. (1993), Multiple Intelligences: The Theory in Practice, New York: Basic Books.

Gardner H. (1999), Intelligence Reframed, London: Basic Books.

Giddens A. (1990), The Consequences of Modernity, Stanford, CT: Stanford University Press.

Giddens A. (2001), Nowoczesność i tożsamość. Ja i społeczeństwo w epoce późnej nowoczesności, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.

Goldberg R. (1990), The transpersonal element in spirituality and psychiatry, “The Psychiatric Residents Newsletter”, Vol. 10(9).

Grabowska A. (1997), Płeć mózgu, „Studia Psychologiczne”, t. 36.

Green W., Noble K. (2010), Fostering spiritual intelligence: Undergraduates’ growth in a course about consciousness, “Advanced Development Journal”, Vol. 12.

Harciarek M. (2008), Podstawy psychologii realistycznej według Karola Wojtyły, czyli „Od fenomenu do fundamentu”, Katowice: Wydawnictwo KOS.

Hart T. (1994), The Hidden Spring: The Spiritual Dimension of Therapy, New York: Paulist Press.

Hay D. (1998), The Spirit of the Child, London: Fount.

Helminiak D. (1987), Spiritual Development: An Interdisciplinary Study, Chicago, IL: Loyola University Press.

Hense E. (2006), Reflection on conceptual definition and empirical validation of the spiritual sensitivity scale, “Journal of Empirical Theology”, Vol. 19(1), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/157092506776901906.

Herndon M. (2003), Expressions of spirituality among African-American college males, “Journal of Men’s Studies”, Vol. 12(1), DOI: https://doi.org/10.3149/jms.1201.75.

Heszen I. (2003), Wymiar duchowy człowieka a zdrowie, [w:] Z. Juczyński, N. Ogińska-Bulik (red.), Zasoby osobiste i społeczne sprzyjające zdrowiu jednostki, Łódź: Wydawnictwo UŁ.

Hill R. (2009), Pozytywne starzenie się, Warszawa: MT Biznes.

Hobfoll S. (1989), Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress, “American Psychologist”, Vol. 44, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513.

Hobfoll S. (2001), The influence of culture, community, and the nested-self in the stress process: Advancing conservation of resources theory, “Applied Psychology”, Vol. 50, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1464-0597.00062.

Hornowska E. (2001), Testy psychologiczne: teoria i praktyka, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar.

Hyde B. (2004), The plausibility of spirituals intelligence: Spirituals experience, problem solving and neural sites, “International Journal of Children Spirituality”, Vol. 9(1), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1364436042000200816.

Jernigan H. (2001), Spirituality in older adults: A cross-cultural and interfaith perspective, “Pastoral Psychology”, Vol. 49, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010349501085.

Johnson A. (2006), Becoming fully intelligent, “Encounter”, Vol. 19(4).

Kapała M. (w druku), Existential/spiritual resources and the subjective quality of life experiences among elderly adults.

Kapała M. (2006), Prawdy i mity dotyczące aktywności starszych kobiet, [w:] E. Zierkiewicz, A. Łysak (red.), Trzeci wiek drugiej płci, Wrocław: Wydawnictwo MarMar.

King D., DeCicco T. (2009), A Viable Model and Self-Report Measure of Spiritual Intelligence, “International Journal of Transpersonal Studies”, Vol. 28.

Koenig H., Larson D., Mccullough M. (2001), Handbook of Religion and Health, NY: Oxford Uniwersity Press, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195118667.001.0001.

Korcz I. (2006), Inteligencja duchowa w rozwoju zawodowym, [w:] A. Kozubska, A. Zduniak (red.), Kształcenie zawodowe w teorii i praktyce edukacyjnej, t. 1, Poznań: Wydawnictwo Wyższej Szkoły Bezpieczeństwa.

Kriger M. (1999), A value-based paradigm for creating truly healthy organizations, “Journal of Organizational Change Management”, Vol. 12(4), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09534819910282144.

Levinas E. (2002), Całość i nieskończoność. Esej o zewnętrzności, Warszawa: PWN.

Llinas R., Ribary U. (1993), Coherent 40-Hz oscillation characterizes dream state in humans, “Proceedings of the National Academy of Science”, Vol. 90, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.90.5.2078.

Longwood W., Muesse M., Schipper W. (2004), Men, spirituality, and the collegiate experience, “New Directions for Student Services”, Vol. 107, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ss.135.

Lotufo Neto F. (1997), Psiquiatria e religião: a prevalência de transtornos mentais entre ministros religiosos. Tese de livre-docência, São Paulo: FMUSP.

Łoś Z., Senejko A. (2013), Doświadczenie globalizacji diagnozowane kwestionariuszem Świat-Ja a style tożsamości młodzieży, [w:] M.M. Straś-Romanowska (red.), Tom jubileuszowy z okazji 45-lecia studiów psychologicznych w Uniwersytecie Wrocławskim, Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego.

MacDonald D. (2000), Spirituality: Description, measurement and relation to the five factor model of personality, “Journal of Personality”, Vol. 68(1), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.t01-1-00094.

Mamzer H. (2002), Tożsamość w podróży, Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM.

Markides K., Levin J., Ray L. (1987), Religion, aging, and life satisfaction: An eight-year, three-wave longitudinal study, “Gerontologist”, Vol. 27, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/27.5.660.

May R. (1981), Freedom and Destiny, New York: Basic Books.

Mayer J. (2000), Spiritual intelligence or spiritual consciousness?, “International Journal for the Psychology of Religion”, Vol. 10(1), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327582IJPR1001_5.

McHovec F. (2002), Spiritual Intelligence, the Behavioral Sciences and the Humanities, NY: The Edwin Mellen Press.

Medin D., Atran S. (2004), The native mind: Biological categorization and reasoning in development and across cultures, “Psychological Review”, Vol. 111(4), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.111.4.960.

Mitroff I.I., Denton E.A. (1999), A Spiritual Audit of Corporate America: A Hard Look at Spirituality, Religion, and Values in the Workplace, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Nosal C. (2006), Numinosum, poznanie B, różne drogi religijności, „Roczniki Psychologiczne KUL”.

Paluchowski W.J. (2007), Diagnoza psychologiczna. Proces – narzędzia – standardy, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Akademickie i Profesjonalne.

Piechowski M. (2001), Childhood spirituality, “Journal of Transpersonal Psychology”, Vol. 33.

Prawda M. (1989), Biograficzne odtwarzanie rzeczywistości. O koncepcji badań biograficznych Fritza Shutze, „Studia Socjologiczne”, t. 4 (115).

Prężyna W. (1971), Kształtowanie sie życia religijnego w świetle psychologii rozwojowej, „Znak”, nr 23.

Reker G., Butler B. (1990), Personal meaning, stress, and health in older adults, Paper presented at the annual meeting of the CAG, Victoria, British Columbia.

Rybiński K. (2007), Globalizacja w trzech odsłonach, Warszawa: Delfin.

Sax L. (2004), Citizenship and spirituality among college students: What have we learned and where are we headed?, “Journal of College and Character”, Vol. 2(2).

Schumaker J. (1992), Religion and Mental Health, New York: Oxford University Press.

Shafranske E., Gorsuch R. (1984), Factors associated with the perception of spirituality in psychotherapy, “Journal of Transpersonal Psychology”, Vol. 16.

Shannon W. (2000), Thomas Merton’s Paradise Journey: Writings on Contemplation, Wellwood, UK: Burns & Oates.

Sisk D. (2008), Engaging the spiritual intelligence of gifted students to build global awareness in the classroom, “Roeper Review”, Vol. 30, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02783190701836296.

Sisk D., Torrance E. (2001), Spiritual Intelligence: Developing Higher Consciousness, Buffalo, NY: Creative Education Foundation Press

Skubacz J., Nęcka E. (1995), Eksperymentalna analiza zachowania dziewcząt i chłopców w warunkach wymagających selektywności i podzielności uwagi, „Przegląd Psychologiczny”, nr 38.

Smith D., Katz R. (2006), Spiritual Leadership: Readings for MBA Elective, Stellenbosch: Business School, University of Stellenbosch.

Socha P. (2000), Duchowy rozwój człowieka, Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego.

Sotwin W. (2003), Podmiotowość w sferze politycznej, czyli pragmatyzm – pryncypializm, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar.

Sousa P., Tillmann I., Horta C., Oliveira F. (2001), A religiosidade e suas interfaces com a medicina, a psicologia e a educação, “Psiq. Prat. Med”, Vol. 34.

Stock W., Okun M., Haring M., Witter R. (1983), Age and subjective well-being: A meta-analysis, “Evaluation Studies: Review Annual”, Vol. 8.

Straś-Romanowska M. (1992), Los człowieka jako problem psychologiczny. Podstawy teoretyczne, Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego.

Straś-Romanowska M., Kowal J., Kapała M. (w druku), Spiritual Sensitivity Inventory (SSI). The construction process and metod validation, “Journal of Analitycal Psychology”.

Strealu J. (red.) (2000), Psychologia, t. 2, Gdańsk: GWP.

Szendrik A.I. (2004), Globalizacja w systemie kulturologiczeskich koordynat, „Znanie, ponimanije, umienie”, nr 1.

Tart C. (1975), Introduction, [w:] C. Tart (ed.), Transpersonal Psychologies, New York: Harper & Row.

Taylor C. (1996), Etyka autentyczności, Kraków: Znak.

Thoresen C., Harris A., Oman D. (2001), Spirituality, religion and health: Evidence, issues and concerns, [w:] T. Plante, A. Sherman (eds.), Faith and Health: Psychological Perspectives, NY: The Guilford Press.

Tornstam L. (2005), Gerotranscendence: A Developmental Theory of Positive Aging, New York: Springer.

Trempała J. (2011), Psychologia rozwoju czowieka, Warszawa: PWN.

Vaughan F. (2003), What is spiritual intelligence?, “Journal of Humanistic Psychology”, Vol. 42.

Vergote A. (2003), Plying between psychology and mysticism, [w:] J. Belzen, A. Geels (eds.), Mysticism: A Variety of Psychological Perspectives, Amsterdam: Rodopi.

Wagener L., Malony H. (2006), Spiritual and religious pathology in childhood and adolescence, [w:] E. Roehlkepartain, P. King, L. Wagener, P. Benson (eds.), The Handbook of Spiritual Development in Childhood and Adolescence, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Wigglesworth C. (2003), Spiritual Intelligence: What Is It? How Can We Measure It? Why Would Business Care?, Houston: Conscious Pursuits, Inc.

Wilber K. (2000), Psychologia integralna. Świadomość, duch, psychologia, terapia, Warszawa: Jacek Santorski & Co Wydawnictwo.

Wiseman J. (2007), Thomas Merton and Theravada Buddhism, [w:] B. Thurston (ed.), Merton & Buddhism: Wisdom, Emptiness, and Everyday Mind, Louisville, KY: Fons Vitae.

Wolman R. (2001), Thinking With Your Soul: Spirituals Intelligence and Why It Matters, New York: Harmony Books.

Zawadzki B. (2006), Kwestionariusze osobowości. Strategie i procedura konstruowania, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar.

Zohar D., Marshall I. (2001), Inteligencja duchowa, Poznań: Dom Wydawniczy Rebis.

Zohar D., Marshall I. (2004), Spiritual Capital: Wealth We Can Live By, London: Bloomsbury Publishing.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/j.2017.30.1.7
Date of publication: 2017-07-11 21:56:13
Date of submission: 2016-05-13 11:27:22


Statistics


Total abstract view - 5555
Downloads (from 2020-06-17) - PDF (Język Polski) - 17433

Indicators



Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2017 Magdalena Kapała

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.