Health-Protective Behaviour of Young Adults and Emotion Regulation in Time of Coronavirus Pandemic

Kamil Łukasz Góra, Katarzyna Agnieszka Bijas, Adrian Korniluk, Justyna Gerłowska

Abstract


The pandemic reality has a huge impact on the daily functioning of people around the world. Young adults have had to face new requirements and barriers both at school and at work. The prolonged lockdown was connected with passive observation and learning about the dynamics of changes which were taking place in front of our own eyes during the following months of the pandemic. After the initial reaction of shock and generalized peritraumatic anxiety, a gradual development of adaptive behaviour was observed. The article analysis data collected online at two-time points (April 2020 and November–December 2020). The main research question was to explore if there is a change in well-being among the group of young adults in response to the restrictions imposed by the government on the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. Among women and men, statistically significant differences between the results in the declared attitudes regarding compliance with hygiene and social behavior at two-time points were confirmed. The captured differences may suggest a gradual reduction of generalized anxiety related to the COVID-19 pandemic threat. Originally increased results in the use of behaviors aimed at reducing the possibility of infection, in the second round were significantly lower, confirming the lessened negative emotions and normalization of behavior.


Keywords


emotion regulation; young adults; health-protective behaviour; pandemic; adaptive behaviour

Full Text:

PDF (Język Polski)

References


LITERATURA

Al-Omiri, M.K., Alzoubi, I.A., Al Nazeh, A.A., Alomiri, A.K., Maswady, M.N., Lynch, E. (2021). COVID-19 and Personality: A Cross-Sectional Multicenter Study of the Relationship between Personality Factors and COVID-19-Related Impacts, Concerns, and Behaviors. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 608730. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.608730

Ashraf, R., Merunka, D. (2016). The Use and Misuse of Student Samples: An Empirical Investigation of European Marketing Research. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 16(4), 295–308. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.1590

Baka, Ł. (2004). Teoria opanowania trwogi i propozycja jej odniesienia do problematyki jakości życia. Prace Naukowe Akademii im. Jana Długosza w Częstochowie. Seria Psychologia, 12, 5–29.

Bee, H. (2004). Psychologia rozwoju człowieka. Poznań: Zysk i S-ka.

Biggs, A., Brough, P., Drummond, S. (2017). Lazarus and Folkman’s Psychological Stress and Coping Theory. W: C.L. Cooper, J.C. Quick (Eds.), The Handbook of Stress and Health: A Guide to Research and Practice (s. 349–364). New York: Wiley-Blackwell. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118993811.ch21

Brooks, S.K., Webster, R.K., Smith, L.E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., … Rubin, G.J. (2020). The Psychological Impact of Quarantine and How to Reduce It: Rapid Review of the Evidence. Lancet, 395(10227), 912–920. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30460-8

Carvalho, L.F., Pianowski, G., Gonçalves, A.P. (2020). Personality Differences and COVID-19: Are Extraversion and Conscientiousness Personality Traits Associated with Engagement with Containment Measures? Brief Communication. Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 42(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2020-0029

Carver, C.S., Scheier, M.F., Weintraub, J.K. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(2), 267–283. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.56.2.267

Ceron, W., de-Lima-Santos, M.-F., Quiles, M.G. (2021). Fake News Agenda in the Era of COVID-19: Identifying Trends through Fact-Checking Content. Online Social Networks and Media, 21, 100116. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.osnem.2020.100116

Ceron, W., Gruszynski Sanseverino, G., de-Lima-Santos, M.F., Quiles, M.G. (2021). COVID-19 Fake News Diffusion across Latin America. Social Network Analysis and Mining, 11(1), 47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-021-00753-z

Chambonniere, C., Lambert, C., Fearnbach, N., Tardieu, M., Fillon, A., … Duclos, M. (2021). Effect of the COVID-19 Lockdown on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors in French Children and Adolescents: New Results from the ONAPS National Survey. European Journal of Integrative Medicine, 43, 101308. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eujim.2021.101308

Costa, M.F. (2020). Health Belief Model for Coronavirus Infection Risk Determinants. Revista de Saúde Pública, 54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2020054002494

Crum, A.J., Salovey, P., Achor, S. (2013). Rethinking Stress: The Role of Mindsets in Determining the Stress Response. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104(4), 716–733. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031201

Ćosić, K., Popović, S., Šarlija, M., Kesedžić, I. (2020). Impact of Human Disasters and COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health: Potential of Digital Psychiatry. Psychiatria Danubina, 32(1), 25–31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24869/psyd.2020.25

Dąbrowski, K. (1979). Dezintegracja pozytywna. Warszawa: PIW.

Doliński, D., Dolińska, B., Zmaczyńska-Witek, B., Banach, M., Kulesza, W. (2020). Unrealistic Optimism in the Time of Coronavirus Pandemic: May It Help to Kill, If So – Whom: Disease or the Person? Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(5), 1464. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9051464

Elmer, T., Mepham, K., Stadtfeld, C. (2020). Students under Lockdown: Comparisons of Students’ Social Networks and Mental Health Before and During the COVID-19 Crisis in Switzerland. PloS One, 15(7), e0236337. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236337

Fancourt, D., Steptoe, A., Wright, L. (2020). The Cummings Effect: Politics, Trust, and Behaviours during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Lancet, 396(10249), 464–465. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31690-1

Folkman, S., Lazarus, R.S., Gruen, R.J., DeLongis, A. (1986). Appraisal, Coping, Health Status, and Psychological Symptoms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(3), 571–579. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.50.3.571

Galderisi, S., Heinz, A., Kastrup, M., Beezhold, J., Sartorius, N. (2017). Propozycja nowej definicji zdrowia psychicznego. Psychiatria Polska, 51(3), 407–411. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12740/PP/68914

Gambin, M., Sękowski, M., Woźniak-Prus, M., Wnuk, A., Oleksy, T., … Maison, D. (2021). Generalized Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms in Various Age Groups During the COVID-19 Lockdown in Poland: Specific Predictors and Differences in Symptoms Severity. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 105, 152222. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152222

Garfin, D.R., Silver, R.C., Holman, E.A. (2020). The Novel Coronavirus (COVID-2019) Outbreak: Amplification of Public Health Consequences by Media Exposure. Health Psychology, 39, 355–357. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000875

Glanz, K., Rimer, B.K., Viswanath, K. (Eds.). (2008). Health Behavior and Health Education: Theory, Research, and Practice. New York: Jossey-Bass.

Goodman, J.K., Cryder, C.E., Cheema, A. (2013). Data Collection in a Flat World: The Strengths and Weaknesses of Mechanical Turk Samples. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 26(3), 213–224. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.1753

Góra, K., Bijas, K., Dziubek, J.N., Korniluk, A., Kurtyka, J., … Gerłowska, J. (2020). Students’ Welfare during SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic. Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, Sectio J, Paedagogia-Psychologia, 33(3), 261–278. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17951/J.2020.33.3.261-278

Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T. (1997). Terror Management Theory of Self-Esteem and Cultural Worldviews: Empirical Assessments and Conceptual Refinements. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 29(C), 61–139. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60016-7

Hamer, K., Baran, M. (2021). Wpływ pandemii COVID-19 na zachowania, postawy i dobrostan Polaków – podsumowanie 10 miesięcy pandemii. Raport z badań. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.13406.36166

Hanel, P.H.P., Vione, K.C. (2016). Do Student Samples Provide an Accurate Estimate of the General Public? Plos One, 11(12), e0168354. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168354

Hardin, B.S., Smith, C.V., Jordan, L.N. (2021). Is the COVID-19 Pandemic Even Darker for Some? Examining Dark Personality and Affective, Cognitive, and Behavioral Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Personality and Individual Differences, 171, 110504. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110504

Heitzman, J. (2020). Wpływ pandemii COVID-19 na zdrowie psychiczne. Psychiatria Polska, 54(2), 187–198. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12740/PP/120373

Heszen, I. (2013). Psychologia stresu. Korzystne i niekorzystne skutki stresu życiowego. Warszawa: PWN.

Heszen-Celińska, I., Sęk, H. (2021). Psychologia zdrowia. Warszawa: PWN.

Ho, H.-Y., Chen, Y.-L., Yen, C.-F. (2020). Different Impacts of COVID-19-Related Information Sources on Public Worry: An Online Survey through Social Media. Internet Interventions, 22, 100350. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.invent.2020.100350

Hochbaum, G., Rosenstock, I., Kegels, S. (1952). Health Belief Model. Washington: Public Health Service.

Huber, L. (2010). Style adaptacyjne do sytuacji stresowych w różnych grupach wiekowych a choroby cywilizacyjne XXI wieku. Problemy Higieny i Epidemiologii, 91(2), 268–275.

Jones, C.L., Jensen, J.D., Scherr, C.L., Brown, N.R., Christy, K., Weaver, J.J. (2015). The Health Belief Model as an Explanatory Framework in Communication Research: Exploring Parallel, Serial, and Moderated Mediation. Health Communication, 30(6), 566–576. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2013.873363

Kolluri, N.L., Murthy, D. (2021). CoVerifi: A COVID-19 News Verification System. Online Social Networks and Media, 22, 100123. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.osnem.2021.100123

Lalot, F., Heering, M.S., Rullo, M., Travaglino, G.A., Abrams, D. (2020). The Dangers of Distrustful Complacency: Low Concern and Low Political Trust Combine to Undermine Compliance with Governmental Restrictions in the Emerging Covid-19 Pandemic. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 1368430220967986. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430220967986

Liu, N., Zhang, F., Wei, C., Jia, Y., Shang, Z., … Liu, W. (2020). Prevalence and Predictors of PTSS during COVID-19 Outbreak in China Hardest-Hit Areas: Gender Differences Matter. Psychiatry Research, 287, 112921. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112921

McCracken, L.M., Badinlou, F., Buhrman, M., Brocki, K.C. (2021). The Role of Psychological Flexibility in the Context of COVID-19: Associations with Depression, Anxiety, and Insomnia. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 19(4), 28–35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.11.003

Moccia, L., Janiri, D., Pepe, M., Dattoli, L., Molinaro, M., … Di Nicola, M. (2020). Affective Temperament, Attachment Style, and the Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Outbreak: An Early Report on the Italian General Population. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 87, 75–79. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.048

Moss-Morris, R., Petrie, K.J., Weinman, J. (1996). Functioning in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Do Illness Perceptions Play a Regulatory Role? British Journal of Health Psychology, 1(1), 15–25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8287.1996.tb00488.x

Mullinix, K.J., Leeper, T.J., Druckman, J.N., Freese, J. (2015). The Generalizability of Survey Experiments. Journal of Experimental Political Science, 2(2), 109–138. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/XPS.2015.19

Newton, K. (2020). Government Communications, Political Trust and Compliant Social Behaviour: The Politics of Covid‐19 in Britain. Political Quarterly, 91(3), 502–513. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-923X.12901

Nitsch, K., Jabłoński, M., Samochowiec, J., Kurpisz, J. (2015). Zaburzenia pod postacią somatyczną: problematyczne zjawisko – problematyczna diagnoza. Psychiatria, 12(2), 77–84.

Obiała, J., Obiała, K., Mańczak, M., Owoc, J., Olszewski, R. (2021). COVID-19 Misinformation: Accuracy of Articles about Coronavirus Prevention Mostly Shared on Social Media. Health Policy and Technology, 10(1), 182–186. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hlpt.2020.10.007

Odriozola-González, P., Planchuelo-Gómez, Á., Irurtia, M.J., Luis-García, R. de (2020). Psychological Effects of the COVID-19 Outbreak and Lockdown among Students and Workers of a Spanish University. Psychiatry Research, 290, 113108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113108

Pappas, G., Kiriaze, I.J., Giannakis, P., Falagas, M.E. (2009). Psychosocial Consequences of Infectious Diseases. Clinical Microbiology and Infection Perspective, 15(8), 743–747. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02947.x

Pawińska, M., Zyzik, B. (2021). Pandemia jako wyzwanie behawioralne. Policy Paper, (1), 4–25.

Perloff, R.M. (2016). An Integrative Terror Management Theory Perspective on Media Effects: A Model and 12 Hypotheses for Research. Studies in Media and Communication, 4(1), 49–62. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11114/smc.v4i1.1600

Peterson, R.A., Merunka, D.R. (2014). Convenience Samples of College Students and Research Reproducibility. Journal of Business Research, 67(5), 1035–1041. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.08.010

Rajkumar, R.P. (2020). COVID-19 and Mental Health: A Review of the Existing Literature. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 52, 102066. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102066

Rammstedt, B., Lechner, C.M., Weiss, B. (2021). Does Personality Predict Responses to the COVID-19 Crisis? Evidence from a Prospective Large-Scale Study. European Journal of Personality, 36(1), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0890207021996970

Schraff D. (2021). Political Trust during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Rally around the Flag or Lockdown Effects? European Journal of Political Research, 60(4), 1007–1017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12425

Slovic, P., Peters, E. (2006). Risk Perception and Affect. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15(6), 322–325. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2006.00461.x

Sundarasen, S., Chinna, K., Kamaludin, K., Nurunnabi, M., Baloch, G.M., … Sukayt, A. (2020). Psychological Impact of COVID-19 and Lockdown among University Students in Malaysia: Implications and Policy Recommendations. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(17), 6206. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176206

Talarowska, M., Chodkiewicz, J., Nawrocka, N., Miniszewska, J., Biliński, P. (2020). Mental Health and the SARS-CoV-2 Epidemic – Polish Research Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(19), 7015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197015

Tian, F., Li, H., Tian, S., Yang, J., Shao, J., Tian, C. (2020). Psychological Symptoms of Ordinary Chinese Citizens Based on SCL-90 during the Level: Emergency Response to COVID-19. Psychiatry Research, 288, 112992. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112992

Tintori, A., Cerbara, L., Ciancimino, G., Crescimbene, M., La Longa, F., Versari, A. (2020). Adaptive Behavioural Coping Strategies as Reaction to COVID-19 Social Distancing in Italy. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 24(20), 10860–10866. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_202010_23449

Viner, R.M., Russell S.J., Croker, H., Packer, J., Ward, J., … Booy, R. (2020). School Closure and Management Practices during Coronavirus Outbreaks Including COVID-19: A Rapid Systematic Review. Lancet Child and Adolescent Health, 4(5), 397–404. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30095-X

Vowels, L.M., Carnelley, K.B. (2021). Attachment Styles, Negotiation of Goal Conflict, and Perceived Partner Support during COVID-19. Personality and Individual Differences, 171, 110505. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110505

Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., … Ho, R.C. (2020). Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1729. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729

Wojtczuk, A. (2020). Pandemia koronawirusa – zmiana w świecie. Zagrożenia dla zdrowia psychicznego i szanse rozwojowe. Student Niepełnosprawny. Szkice i Rozprawy, 20(13), 101–113. DOI: https://doi.org/10.34739/sn.2020.20.10

Zampetakis, L.A., Melas, C. (2021). The Health Belief Model Predicts Vaccination Intentions against COVID-19: A Survey Experiment Approach. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 13(2), 469–484. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12262

Zitek, E.M., Schlund, R.J. (2021). Psychological Entitlement Predicts Noncompliance with the Health Guidelines of the COVID 19 Pandemic. Personality and Individual Differences, 171, 110491. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110491

NETOGRAFIA

Centrum Badania Opinii Społecznej. (2020). Poczucie zagrożenia u progu epidemii koronawirusa. Komunikat z badań. Pobrane z: https://www.cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2020/K_040_20.PDF (dostęp: 30.06.2021).

Długosz, P. (2020). Raport z badań „Krakowska młodzież w warunkach kwarantanny Covid-19”. Pobrane z: https://mlodziez.krakow.pl/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Krakowska-m%C5%82odziez-COVID19.pdf (dostęp: 26.06.2021).

Dragan, M. (2020). Zdrowie psychiczne w czasie pandemii Covid-19 – raport wstępny z badania. Pobrane z: http://psych.uw.edu.pl/2020/05/04/zdrowie-psychiczne-w-czasie-pandemii-covid-19-raport-wstepny-z-badania-naukowego-kierowanego-przez-dr-hab-malgorzate-dragan (dostęp: 26.06.2021).

Główny Urząd Statystyczny. (2019). Szkolnictwo wyższe w roku akademickim 2018/2019 (wyniki wstępne). Pobrane z: https://stat.gov.pl/download/gfx/portalinformacyjny/pl/defaultaktualnosci/5488/8/6/1/szkolnictwo_wyzsze_w_roku_akademickim_2018_2019.pdf (dostęp: 30.06.2021).

Izdebski, Z. (2020). Zdrowie, relacje w związkach i życie seksualne Polaków. Pobrane z: https://www.uw.edu.pl/zdrowie-relacje-w-zwiazkach-i-zycie-seksualne-polakow (dostęp: 25.05.2021).

Michoń, P. (2020). Polacy o swoich obawach w związku z pandemią. Wstępny raport z badań internetowych Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Poznaniu. Pobrane z: https://ue.poznan.pl/data/upload/articles_download/93438/20200420/Badanie%20koronawiurs%20a%20pomoc%20pa%C5%84stwa%20-%20raport%201.pdf (dostęp: 26.06.2021).

World Health Organization (WHO). (2004). Promoting Mental Health: Concepts, Emerging Evidence, Practice (Summary Report). Pobrane z: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/42940 (dostęp: 10.08.2022).

World Health Organization (WHO). (2020a). International Classification of Disease (ICD-11). 6B00. Generalised Anxiety Disorder, 6B40 Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Pobrane z: https://www.icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en (dostęp: 26.06.2021).

World Health Organization (WHO). (2020b). Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): Advice for the Public. Pobrane z: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public (dostęp: 26.06.2021).

World Health Organization (WHO). (2021). Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): Weekly Epidemiological Update and Weekly Operational Update. Pobrane z: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports (dostęp: 28.06.2021).

AKTY PRAWNE

Rozporządzenie. (2020). Rozporządzenie Ministra Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego z dnia 11 marca 2020 r. w sprawie czasowego ograniczenia funkcjonowania niektórych podmiotów systemu szkolnictwa wyższego i nauki w związku z zapobieganiem, przeciwdziałaniem i zwalczaniem COVID-19 (Dz.U. 2020, poz. 405).




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/j.2022.35.3.117-141
Date of publication: 2022-12-19 09:09:40
Date of submission: 2022-07-19 12:53:44


Statistics


Total abstract view - 895
Downloads (from 2020-06-17) - PDF (Język Polski) - 414

Indicators



Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2022 Kamil Łukasz Góra, Katarzyna Agnieszka Bijas, Adrian Korniluk, Justyna Gerłowska

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.