Dream Experiences in Alexithymia
Abstract
Alexithymia is a disorder, which has a significant impact on one’s ability to have an insight into their own emotional states, making it impossible to identify and understand the information coming from experienced emotions. Alexithymia consists of the following symptoms: difficulty in identifying and verbalizing emotions, difficulty in distinguishing between emotions and the bodily sensations, external, operational way of thinking, as well as impaired creativity. This way of functioning can have a significant impact on experiencing stress – existing research suggest that people with alexithymia experience prolonged negative affect in face of stress, probably because of the inability to regulate their own emotions, as well as dysfunctional stress regulatory mechanisms. Because of the mentioned symptoms of alexithymia, it is interesting to explore the way of experiencing dreams in alexithymia, such as: dream recall frequency, experiencing nightmares, sleep paralysis and lucid dreams. The existing literature, focused on exploring this relation, is minimal, yet has shown that alexithymia has a significant impact on dream recall frequency, as well as experiencing nightmares. Research also suggests that there are significant relations between high levels of perceived stress and nightmare experiences, as well as sleep paralysis.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Bauermann, T.M., Parker, J.D.A., Taylor, G.J. (2008). Sleep problems and sleep hygiene in young adults with alexithymia. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(4), 318–322. DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2008.04.019
Brogaard, B. (2012). Lucid Dreaming and Self-Realization. An interview with dream expert Beverly D'Urso about lucid dreaming. Retrieved from: https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-superhuman-mind/201212/lucid-dreaming-and-self-realization (access: 01.2020).
Brzeziński R. (1995). Dwie dekady koncepcji aleksytymii. Psychiatria Polska, 29, 443-454.
Carr, M. (2014). Sleep Paralysis. A glitch in the sleep-wake switch. Retrieved from: https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/dream-factory/201409/sleep-paralysis (access: 01.2020).
Cierpiałkowska, L. (2015). Psychopatologia. Warszawa: Scholar.
Cohen, D.B. (1974). Toward a theory of dream recall. Psychological Bulletin, 81(2), 138–154. DOI:10.1037/h0037616
Cohen, D.B., MacNeilage, P.F. (1974). A test of the salience hypothesis of dream recall. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42(5), 699–703. DOI:10.1037/h0036948
Connelly, M., Denney, D.R. (2007). Regulation of emotions during experimental stress in alexithymia. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 62, 649–656.
Czernecka, K., Szymura, B. (2008). Alexithymia – Imagination – Creativity. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(6), 445–450. DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2008.05.019
De Gennaro, L., Ferrara, M., Cristiani, R., Curcio, G., Martiradonna, V., & Bertini, M. (2003). Alexithymia and Dream Recall Upon Spontaneous Morning Awakening. Psychosomatic Medicine, 65(2), 301–306. DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2004.02.003
Irwin, H.J., Melbin-Helberg, E.B. (1997). Alexithymia and dissociative tendencies. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53(2), 159–166.
Jørgensen, M.M., Zachariae, R., Skytthe, A., Kyvik, K., (2007). Genetic and environmental factors in alexithymia: A population-based study of 8,785 Danish twin pairs. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 76 (6), 369-375.
Krystal, H., Krystal, J.H. (1988). Integration and self-healing: Affect, trauna, alexithymia. New York: Analytic Press.
Levant, R. (1992). Toward the reconstruction of masculinity. Journal of Family Psychology, 5, 379– 402.
Levant, R., Hall, R., Williams, C., Hasan, N. (2009). Sex differences in alexithymia: A review. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 3, 190-203.
Li, S.X, Zhang, B., Li, A.M., Wing, Y.K. (2010). Prevalence and Correlates of Frequent Nightmares: A Community-Based 2-Phase Study, Sleep, 33 (6), 774–780. DOI:10.1093/sleep/33.6.774.
Loveland Cook, C.A., Caplan, R.D., Wolowitz, H. (1990). Nonwaking Responses to Waking Stressors: Dreams and Nightmares1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 20(3), 199–226.
Luminet, O., Bagby, R.M., Taylor, G.J. (2018). Alexithymia: Advances in research, theory, and clinical practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lumley, M.A., Bazydlo, R.A. (2000). The relationship of alexithymia characteristics to dreaming. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 48(6), 561–567.DOI:10.1016/S0022-3999(00)00096-9
Maruszewski, T., Ścigała, E. (1998). Emocje, aleksytymia, poznanie. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Fundacji Humaniora.
Messina, A., Beadle, J., Paradiso, S. (2014). Towards a classification of alexithymia: primary, secondary and organic. Journal of Psychopathology, 20(1), 38-49.
Meza-Concha, N., Arancibia, M., Salas, F., Behar, R., Salas, G., Silva, H., Escobar, R. (2017). Towards a neurobiological understanding of alexithymia. Medwave. 4, e6960.
Myers, D. G. (2003). Psychologia. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Zysk i S-ka.
Nielsen, T. A. (2000). A review of mentation in REM and NREM sleep: “Covert” REM sleep as a possible reconciliation of two opposing models. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 23(6), 851–866.
DOI:10.1017/s0140525x0000399x
Nielsen, T., Levrier, K., Montplaisir, J. (2011). Dreaming correlates of alexithymia among sleep-disordered patients. Dreaming, 21(1), 16–31. DOI:10.1037/a0022861
Olunu, E., Kimo, R., Onigbinde, E.O., Akpanobong, M.U., Enang, I.E., Osanakpo, M., Monday, I.T., Otohinoyi, D.A., Fakoya, A.O. (2018). Sleep Paralysis, a Medical Condition with a Diverse Cultural Interpretation. International journal of applied & basic medical research, 8(3), 137–142. DOI:10.4103/ijabmr.IJABMR_19_18
Parker, J.D.A., Bauermann, T.M., Smith, C.T. (2000). Alexithymia and Impoverished Dream Content: Evidence From Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Awakenings. Psychosomatic Medicine, 62(4), 486–491. DOI:10.1097/00006842-200007000-00006
Płońska, D., Czernikiewicz, A. (2006). Aleksytymia - ciągle wiele pytań. Część I. Definiowanie aleksytymii. Psychiatria, 3(1), 1-7.
Polderman, T.J.C., Benyamin, B., de Leeuw, C. A., Sullivan, P.F., van Bochoven, A., Posthuma, D. (2015). Metaanalysis of the heritability of human traits based on fifty years of twin studies. Nature Genetics, 47, 702–709.
Przystańska, A., Jasielska, A., Ziarko, Pobudek-Radzikowska, M., Maciejewska-Szaniec, Z., Prylińska-Czyżewska, A., Wierzbik-Strońska, M., Gorajska, M., Czajka-Jakubowska, A. (2019). Psychosocial Predictors of Bruxism, BioMed Research International, 2019, ID 2069716, 1-8.
Rek, S., Sheaves, B. Freeman, D. (2017). Nightmares in the general population: identifying potential causal factors. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 52, 1123–1133. DOI: 10.1007/s00127-017-1408-7.
Schredl M. (2018). Researching Dreams. The Fundamentals. London/New York/Shanghai: Palgrave Macmillan.
Schredl, M., Erlacher, D. (2004). Lucid dreaming frequency and personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 37(7), 1463–1473. DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2004.02.003
Sifneos, P.E. (1973). The prevalence of "alexithymic" characteristics in psychosomatic patients. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 22(2-6), 255–262. DOI:10.1159/000286529
Skalski, M. (2017). Zaburzenia snu i czuwania: DSM-5 Selections. Wrocław: Edra Urban & Partner.
Spanos, N.P., McNulty, S.A., DuBreuil, S.C., Pires, M., Burgess, M.F. (1995). The Frequency and Correlates of Sleep Paralysis in a University Sample. Journal of Research in Personality, 29(3), 285–305.
Taylor, G.J. (1994). The alexithymia construct: Conceptualization, validation, and relationship with basic dimensions of personality. New Trends in Experimental & Clinical Psychiatry, 10(2), 61–74.
Thompson, J.R. (2009). Emotionally dumb: An overview of alexithymia. Australia: Soul Books.
Zdankiewicz-Ścigała, E. (2017). Aleksytymia i dysocjacja jako podstawowe czynniki zjawisk potraumatycznych. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/j.2020.33.3.221-233
Date of publication: 2020-10-31 02:04:26
Date of submission: 2020-04-15 19:42:11
Statistics
Indicators
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2020
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.