Reactions of Family Businesses to the Initial Effects of Pandemic Shock

Ada Domańska, Agnieszka Gryglicka, Ireneusz Samodulski

Abstract


Theoretical background: A pandemic shock caused by the COVID-19 virus spread around the world, negatively affecting social and economic life in short term. Lockdowns, shutdowns and restrictions hit business performance extremely hard. Family businesses, a significant part of the business sector, are entities focusing generally on continuity, futurity and perseverance. Due to their multi-generational perspective, these firms are forced to react in the short term to deter negative impacts of the pandemic, including a drop in revenue and employment alongside doubtful prospects of survival. As an anti-crisis remedy, family businesses have drawn from their economic specificity to implement several intrinsic solutions aimed at mitigating the negative impacts of an economic downturn.

Purpose of the article: The purpose of the paper is to isolate and determine which retrenchment, persevering and innovating responses to crisis were undertaken by family businesses as a remedy for the negative consequences of the pandemic shock.

Research methods: The data collection was conducted in April and early May 2020. The final sample totalled 202 family businesses from Poland, and research questions were investigated by employing logit regression models. The dependent variables were various actions undertaken by family firm due to the crisis and independent variables were negative pandemic impact in businesses and self-estimated probability of their survival.

Main findings: Family businesses facing a drop of employment decided to switch employees to non-paid holidays, reduce wages, switch employees to remote work and further tap liquid finance reserves. In addition, they started to liquidate less profitable areas if they expected a further employment drop. In the case of revenue decrease, these firms also reduced wages, suspended repayment of loans and leasing handling and extended payment terms of liabilities. The family firms investigated in this study that estimated a lower level of capital survivability also decided to liquidate less profitable areas of activity, sell less important production assets, suspend repayment of loans and leasing handling, extend payment terms of liabilities and suspend investment processes.


Keywords


family businesses; COVID-19; response to crisis; pandemic

Full Text:

PDF

References


Abay, K.A., Tafere, K., & Woldemichael, A. (2020). Winners and losers from COVID-19: Global evidence from Google search. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, June 2. 20(9268). Retrieved from https://ssrn.com/abstract=3617347

Abeysekera, I., & Tran, K.T. (2021). The coronavirus as a disrupter of a sustainable small early childhood family business in Vietnam. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(19), 1–17. doi:10.3390/su131910692

Akgün, A.İ., & Memiş Karataş, A. (2020). Investigating the relationship between working capital management and business performance: Evidence from the 2008 financial crisis of EU-28. International Journal of Managerial Finance, 17(4), 545–567. doi:10.1108/IJMF-08-2019-0294

Andrews, D., Charlton, A., & Moore, A. (2021). COVID-19, productivity and reallocation : Timely evidence from three OECD countries. (OECD Economics Department Working Papers 1676).

Anwar, M., & Clauß, T. (2021). Personality traits and bricolage as drivers of sustainable social responsibility in family SMEs: A COVID-19 perspective. Business and Society Review, 126(1), 37–68. doi:10.1111/basr.12222

Argyres, N., Bigelow, L., & Nickerson, J.A. (2015). Dominant designs, innovation shocks, and the follower’s dilemma. Strategic Management Journal, 36(2), 216–234. doi:10.1002/smj.2207

Arto, I., Andreoni, V., & Rueda Cantuche, J.M. (2015). Global impacts of the automotive supply chain disruption following the Japanese earthquake of 2011. Economic Systems Research, 27(3), 306–323. doi:10.1080/09535314.2015.1034657

Baker, S., Bloom, N., Davis, S., & Terry, S. (2020). COVID-induced economic uncertainty. National Bureau of Economic Research, 17. Retrieved from http://www.nber.org/papers/w26983

Baker, S.R., Bloom, N., Davis, S.J., Kost, K., Sammon, M., & Viratyosin, T. (2020). The unprecedented stock market reaction to COVID-19. Review of Asset Pricing Studies, 10(4), 742–758. doi:10.1093/rapstu/raaa008

Baldwin, R., & Weder di Mauro, B. (2020). Economics in the time of COVID-19. In R. Baldwin & B. Weder di Mauro (Eds.), SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3649813

Banyan Global. (2020). Family business response to the pandemic. Retrieved from https://banyan.global/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/BanyanGlobal-FB-Response-to-the-Pandemic-Report_English.pdf

Bartik, A.W., Bertrand, M., Cullen, Z., Glaeser, E.L., Luca, M., & Stanton, C. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on small business outcomes and expectations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117(30), 17656–17666. doi:10.1073/pnas.2006991117

Benner, M.J., & Zenger, T. (2016). The lemons problem in markets for strategy. Strategy Science, 1(2), 71–89. doi:10.1287/stsc.2015.0010

Berrone, P., Cruz, C., & Gomez-Mejia, L. R. (2012). Socioemotional wealth in family firms: Theoretical dimensions, assessment approaches, and agenda for future research. Family Business Review, 25(3), 258–279. doi:10.1177/0894486511435355

Bonaccorsi, G., Pierri, F., Cinelli, M., Flori, A., Galeazzi, A., Porcelli, F., A.L., Schmidtf, C.M., Valensiseg, A., Scalac, W., Quattrociocchif & Pammolli, F. (2020). Economic and social consequences of human mobility restrictions under COVID-19. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117(27), 15530–15535. doi:10.1073/pnas.2007658117

Botta, A., Caverzasi, E., & Russo, A. (2020). Debt monetization and EU recovery bonds. Fighting the COVID-19 emergency and re-launching the European economy. FEPS Covid Response Papers, 1(April), 1–35.

Bretas, V.P.G., & Alon, I. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on franchising in emerging markets: An example from Brazil. Global Business and Organizational Excellence, 39(6), 6–16. doi:10.1002/joe.22053

Brigham, K.H., Lumpkin, G.T., Payne, G.T., & Zachary, M.A. (2014). Researching long-term orientation: A validation study and recommendations for future research. Family Business Review, 27(1), 72–88. doi:10.1177/0894486513508980

Budsayaplakorn, S., Dibooglu, S., & Mathur, I. (2010). Can macroeconomic indicators predict a currency crisis? Evidence from selected Southeast Asian countries. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 46(6), 5–21. doi:10.2753/REE1540-496X460601

Carnahan, S. (2017). Blocked but not tackled: Who founds new firms when rivals dissolve? Strategic Management Journal, 38, 2189–2212. doi:10.1002/smj.2653

Carnahan, S., Agarwal, R., & Campbell, B. (2010). The effect of firm compensation structures on the mobility and entrepreneurship of extreme performers. Business, 920 (October), 1–43. doi:10.1002/smj

Chadwick, C., Hunter, L.W., & Walston, S.L. (2004). Effects of downsizing practices on the performance of hospitals. Strategic Management Journal, 25(5), 405–427. doi:10.1002/smj.383

Chrisman, J.J., Chua, J.H., & Steier, L.P. (2011). Resilience of family firms: An introduction. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(6), 1107–1119. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2011.00493.x

Chrisman, J.J., Chua, J.H., Pearson, A.W., & Barnett, T. (2012). Family involvement, family influence, and family-centered non-economic goals in small firms. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 36(2), 267–293. https://doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2010.00407.x

Chrisman, J.J., & Patel, P.C. (2012). Variations in R&D investments of family and nonfamily firms: Behavioral agency and myopic loss aversion perspectives. Academy of Management Journal, 55(4), 976–997. doi.org/10.5465/amj.2011.0211

Czech, K., Karpio, A., Wiechowski, M., Woźniakowski, T., & Żebrowska-Suchodolska, D. (2020). Polska gospodarka w początkowym okresie pandemii COVID-19. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michal-Wielechowski/publication/348448943_Polska_gospodarka_w_poczatkowym_okresie_pandemii_COVID-19/links/60003740a6fdccdcb8518e2c/Polska-gospodarka-w-poczatkowym-okresie-pandemii-COVID-19.pdf

Davis, E.P., & Karim, D. (2008). Could early warning systems have helped to predict the sub-prime crisis? National Institute Economic Review, 206(1), 35–47. doi:10.1177/0027950108099841

DeDee, J.K., & Vorhies, D.W. (1998). Retrenchment activities of small firms during economic downturn: An empirical investigation. Journal of Small Business Management, 36(3), 46–61.

Dobaczewska, A. (2021). State Aid Combating Economic Consequences of COVID-19 Pandemic in the Context of European Union Law. Prawo i Wiez, 2021(36), 72–82. doi:10.36128/priw.vi36.275

Domańska, A., Więcek-Janka, E., & Zajkowski, R. (2022). Implementing sustainable development concept : A typology of family firms in Poland. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(7), 1–21. doi:10.3390/su14074302

Domańska, A., & Zajkowski, R. (2022). Barriers to gaining support: A prospect of entrepreneurial activity of family and non-family firms in Poland. Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy, 17(1), 191–224. doi:10.24136/eq.2022.008

Dörr, J.O., Licht, G., & Murmann, S. (2022). Small firms and the COVID-19 insolvency gap. Small Business Economics, 58(2), 887–917. doi:10.1007/s11187-021-00514-4

Du, Z.X., Lai, X.D., Long, W.J. & Gao, L.L. (2020). The short- and long-term impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on family farms in China – Evidence from a survey of 2 324 farms. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 19(12), 2877–2890. doi:10.1016/S2095-3119(20)63390-1

European Commission. (2020). Temporary framework for state aid measures to support the economy in the current COVID-19 outbreak (2020/C 91 I/01). Official Journal of the European Union.

European Investment Bank. (2022). Business resilience in the pandemic and beyond. Adaptation, innovation, financing and climate action from Eastern Europe to Central Asia. European Investment Bank.

Fairlie, R. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on small business owners: Evidence from the first three months after widespread social-distancing restrictions. Journal of Economics and Management Strategy, 29(4), 727–740. doi:10.1111/jems.12400

Fernandes, N. (2020). Economic effects of coronavirus outbreak (COVID-19) on the world economy. In IESE Business School Spain.

Fernandez Perez, P., & Colli, A. (Eds.). (2013). The endurance of family businesses. A global overview. Cambridge University Press.

Frishkoff, P.A. (1995). Understanding family business: What is a family business. Oregon State University, Austin Family Business Program, 15(19).

Gallo, M.Á., Tàpies, J., & Cappuyns, K. (2004). Comparison of family and nonfamily business: Financial logic and personal preferences. Family Business Review, 17(4), 303–318.

Gartenberg, C., & Pierce, L. (2017). Subprime governance: Agency costs in vertically integrated banks and the 2008 mortgage crisis. Strategic Management Journal, 38(3), 300–321. doi:10.1002/smj.2481

González, A.C., & Pérez-Uribe, M.Á. (2021). Family business resilience under the COVID-19: A comparative study in the furniture industry in the United States of America and Colombia. Estudios Gerenciales, 37(158), 138–152. https://doi.org/10.18046/j.estger.2021.158.4423

Hadziahmetovic, A., Halebic, J., & Colakovic–Prguda, N. (2018). Economic crisis: Challenge for economic theory and policy. Eurasian Journal of Economics and Finance, 6(4), 48–55. doi:10.15604/ejef.2018.06.04.005

Hallegatte, S. (2008). An adaptive regional input-output model and its application to the assessment of the economic cost of Katrina. Risk Analysis, 28(3), 779–799. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01046.x

He, H., & Harris, L. (2020). The impact of Covid-19 pandemic on corporate social responsibility and marketing philosophy. Journal of Business Research, 116(May), 176–182. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.05.030

Horváthová, P., Mikušová, M., & Kashi, K. (2020). Comparison of human resources management in non-family and family businesses: Case study of the Czech Republic. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(12). doi:10.3390/SU12145493

Hudson, D., Seah, L. H., Hite, D., & Haab, T. (2004). Telephone presurveys, self-selection, and non-response bias to mail and Internet surveys in economic research. Applied Economics Letters, 11(4), 237–240. doi:10.1080/13504850410001674876

Ibrahim, N.A., Angelidis, J.P., & Parsa, F. (2008). Strategic management of family businesses: Current findings and directions for future research. International Journal of Management, 25(1), 95–110. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2012.05.050

International Monetary Fund. (2021). Policy responses to COVID-19. Policy Tracker, 1–449. Retrieved from https://drugpricinglab.org/tools/dpl-policy-tracker/

Ivanov, D. (2020). Predicting the impacts of epidemic outbreaks on global supply chains: A simulation-based analysis on the coronavirus outbreak (COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2) case. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 136(March), 101922. doi:10.1016/j.tre.2020.101922

Jamal, M.T., Anwar, I., Khan, N.A., & Saleem, I. (2021). Work during COVID-19: Assessing the influence of job demands and resources on practical and psychological outcomes for employees. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration, 13(3), 293–319. doi:10.1108/APJBA-05-2020-0149

Katare, B., Marshall, M. I., & Valdivia, C. B. (2021). Bend or break? Small business survival and strategies during the COVID-19 shock. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 61(January), 102332. doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102332

Kettunen, J., Martikainen, M., & Voulgaris, G. (2021). Employment policies in private loss firms: Return to profitability and the role of family CEOs. Journal of Business Research, 135(July 2020), 373–390. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.06.029

Kim, R.Y. (2020). The Impact of COVID-19 on Consumers: Preparing for Digital Sales. IEEE Engineering Management Review, 48(3), 212–218. doi:10.1109/EMR.2020.2990115

Kraus, S., Clauss, T., Breier, M., Gast, J., Zardini, A., & Tiberius, V. (2020). The economics of COVID-19: Initial empirical evidence on how family firms in five European countries cope with the corona crisis. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 26(5), 1067–1092. doi:10.1108/IJEBR-04-2020-0214

Kuckertz, A., Brändle, L., Gaudig, A., Hinderer, S., Morales Reyes, C.A., Prochotta, A., Steinbrink, K.M., & Berger, E.S.C. (2020). Startups in times of crisis – A rapid response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 13(April), 1–13. doi:10.1016/j.jbvi.2020.e00169

Kuqi, B., Millaku, B., Dreshaj, A., Elezaj, E., & Karjagdiu, L. (2021). Challenges in the tourism industry during COVID-19 pandemic in Kosovo. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 16(4), 765–770. doi:10.18280/ijsdp.160417

Le Breton-Miller, I., & Miller, D. (2021). Family businesses under COVID-19: Inspiring models–Sometimes. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 100452. doi:10.1016/j.jfbs.2021.100452

Leppäaho, T., & Ritala, P. (2022). Surviving the coronavirus pandemic and beyond: Unlocking family firms’ innovation potential across crises. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 13(1). 1–9. doi:10.1016/j.jfbs.2021.100440

Llanos-Contreras, O., Jabri, M., & Sharma, P. (2019). Temporality and the role of shocks in explaining changes in socioemotional wealth and entrepreneurial orientation of small and medium family enterprises. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 15(4), 1269–1289. doi:10.1007/s11365-019-00595-4

Machek, O., Kolouchová, D., & Hnilica, J. (2015). Identifying family businesses: The surname matching approach. Recent Advances in Environmental and Earth Sciences and Economics, 96–100. Retrieved from http://universitypress.org.uk/library/2015/zakynthos/bypaper/ENG/ ENG-14.pdf.%0AMadison,

Madison, K., Daspit, J.J., Turner, K., & Kellermanns, F.W. (2018). Family firm human resource practices: Investigating the effects of professionalization and bifurcation bias on performance. Journal of Business Research, 84(July 2016), 327–336. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.06.021

Maier, B.F., & Brockmann, D. (2020). Effective containment explains subexponential growth in recent confirmed COVID-19 cases in China. Science, 368(6492), 742–746. doi:10.1126/science.abb4557

Manjula Bai, H. (2020). The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): A review. ComFin Research, 8(4), 8–17. doi:10.34293/commerce.v8i4.3293

Mankiw, N.G. (1985). Small menu costs and large business cycles: A macroeconomic model of monopoly. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 100(2), 529–538. doi:10.2307/1885395

Marjański, A., & Sułkowski, Ł. (2021). Consolidation strategies of small family firms in Poland during the covid-19 crisis. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, 9(2), 167–182. doi:10.15678/EBER.2021.090211

Marti, L., & Puertas, R. (2021). European countries’ vulnerability to COVID-19: Multicriteria decision-making techniques. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istrazivanja, 0(Feb), 1–12. doi:10.1080/1331677X.2021.1874462

Mzid, I., Khachlouf, N., & Soparnot, R. (2019). How does family capital influence the resilience of family firms? Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 17(2), 249–277. doi:10.1007/s10843-018-0226-7

Náglová, Z., & Horáková, T. (2017). Position of the bakery enterprises in the Czech Republic according to detailed specification of the businesses. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 65(5), 1719–1727. doi:10.11118/actaun201765051719

Ndofor, H.A., Vanevenhoven, J., & Barker III, V.L. (2013). Software firm turnarounds in the 1990s: An analysis of reversing decline in a growing, dynamic industry. Strategic Management Journal, 34(9), 1123–1133. doi:10.1002/smj.2050

OECD. (2021). One year of SME and entrepreneurship policy responses to COVID-19 : Lessons learned to “ build back better. (April), 1–36. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/one-year-of-sme-and-entrepreneurship-policy-responses-to-covid-19-lessons-learned-to-build-back-better-9a230220/

Pateli, A.G., & Giaglis, G.M. (2005). Technology innovation-induced business model change: A contingency approach. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 18(2), 167–183. doi:10.1108/09534810510589589

Paul, S.K., & Chowdhury, P. (2021). A production recovery plan in manufacturing supply chains for a high-demand item during COVID-19. International Journal of Physical Distribution and Logistics Management, 51(2), 104–125. doi:10.1108/IJPDLM-04-2020-0127

Pearce, J.A., & D.K. Robbins. (1994). Retrenchment remains the foundation of business turnaround. Strategic Management Journal, 15(5), 407–417. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/2486783

Phelan, A. L., Katz, R., & Gostin, L.O. (2020). The novel coronavirus originating in Wuhan, China: Challenges for global health governance. JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association, 323(8), 709–710. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.1097

Prime, H., Wade, M., & Browne, D.T. (2020). Risk and resilience in family well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. American Psychologist, 75(5), 631–643. doi:10.1037/amp0000660

Ramírez-Solís, E.R., Fonseca, M., Sandoval-Arzaga, F., & Amoros, E. (2021). Survival mode: How Latin American family firms are coping with the pandemic. Management Research: Journal of the Iberoamerican Academy of Management, (ahead-of-print). doi:10.1108/mrjiam-05-2021-1178

Ratten, V. (2020). Coronavirus and international business: An entrepreneurial ecosystem perspective. Thunderbird International Business Review, 62(5), 629–634. doi:10.1002/tie.22161

Ratten, V. (2021). Coronavirus (COVID-19) and entrepreneurship: Cultural, lifestyle and societal changes. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 13(4), 747–761. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-06-2020-0163

Reymen, I.M., Andries, P., Berends, H., Mauer, R., Stephan, U., & Van Burg, E. (2015). Understanding dynamics of strategic decision making in venture creation: A process study of effectuation and causation. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 9(4), 351–379. doi:10.1002/sej.1201

Riley, M.R., Mohr, D.C., & Waddimba, A.C. (2018). The reliability and validity of three-item screening measures for burnout: Evidence from group-employed health care practitioners in upstate New York. Stress and Health, 34(1), 187–193. doi:10.1002/smi.2762

Sahin, A.R. (2020). 2019 Novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak: A review of the current literature. Eurasian Journal of Medicine and Oncology, 4(1), 1–7. doi:10.14744/ejmo.2020.12220

Saunders, W.S.A., & Becker, J.S. (2015). A discussion of resilience and sustainability: Land use planning recovery from the Canterbury earthquake sequence, New Zealand. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 14, 73–81. doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2015.01.013

Spoz, A., Kotlinski, G., Mizak, A., & Zukowska, H. (2020). Public aid for relieving the effects of COVID-19 pandemic. European Research Studies Journal, XXIII(Special Issue 2), 606–621. doi:10.35808/ersj/1844

Stieglitz, N., Knudsen, T., & Becker, M.C. (2016). Adaptation and inertia in dynamic environments. Strategic Management Journal, 37(9), 1854–1864.

Tandoh, J.K. (2020). Working capital management and economic policy uncertainty. USA: South Dakota State University. Retrieved from https://www.proquest.com/openview/565219c3524f9fc453f9d1b59eb08aee/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=44156

Truant, E., Broccardo, L., Culasso, F., & Vrontis, D. (2021). Management accounting systems to support stressing events: Evidence from the food sector. British Food Journal, 123(7), 2555–2570. doi:10.1108/BFJ-11-2020-0991

Verma, S., & Gustafsson, A. (2020). Investigating the emerging COVID-19 research trends in the field of business and management: A bibliometric analysis approach. Journal of Business Research, 118, 253–261. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.06.057

Walker, D.A., & Smith, T.J. (2016). Nine pseudo R2 indices for binary logistic regression models. Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods, 15(1), 848–854.

Wenzel, M. (2015). Path dependence and the stabilization of strategic premises: How the funeral industry buries itself. Business Research, 8, 265–299. doi:10.1007/s40685-015-0021-4

Wenzel, M., Cornelissen, J.P., Koch, J., Hartmann, M., & Rauch, M. (2020). (Un)Mind the gap: How organizational actors cope with an identity–strategy misalignment. Strategic Organization, 18(1), 212–244. doi:10.1177/1476127019856524

Wenzel, M., Stanske, S., & Lieberman, M.B. (2020). Strategic responses to crisis. Strategic Management Journal, (April), 7–18. doi:10.1002/smj.3161

World Bank. (2022). Map of SME-support measures in response to COVID-19. Retrieved from https://dataviz.worldbank.org/views/SME-COVID19/Overview?%3Aembed=y&%3AisGuestRedirectFromVizportal=y&%3Adisplay_count=n&%3AshowAppBanner=false&%3Aorigin=viz_share_link&%3AshowVizHome=n&fbclid=IwAR0vfwIVUpPgT9qn7w9473B7hyi8mVlB4PZVkosOLRJCQR6NgS1ZJPeR5qM

Zajkowski, R., & Żukowska, B. (2020). Family businesses during the COVID-19 crisis – Evidence from Poland. Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, Sectio H – Oeconomia, 54(3), 101–116. doi:10.17951/h.2020.54.3.101-116

Zajkowski, R., & Życzyński, N. (2014). Percepcja a rzeczywiste wyróżniki przedsiębiorstw rodzinnych. Economics and Management, 6(3), 236–247. doi:10.12846/j.em.2014.03.16

Zellweger, T., Chrisman, J.J., & Chua, J.H. (2012). Family control and family firm valuation by family CEOs: The importance of intentions for transgenerational control. Organization Science, 23(3), 851–868. doi:10.1287/orsc.1110.0665

Zimon, G., & Dankiewicz, R. (2020). Trade credit management strategies in SMEs and the COVID-19 pandemic – a case of Poland. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(15). doi:10.3390/su12156114

Żukowska, B., Martyniuk, O., & Zajkowski, R. (2021). Mobilisation of survivability capital – Family firm response to the coronavirus crisis. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 27(9), 48–81. doi:10.1108/IJEBR-02-2021-0147




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/h.2022.56.1.37-59
Date of publication: 2022-09-05 12:06:23
Date of submission: 2022-06-02 15:34:40


Statistics


Total abstract view - 953
Downloads (from 2020-06-17) - PDF - 0

Indicators



Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2022 Ada Domańska, Agnieszka Gryglicka, Ireneusz Samodulski

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.