Features of Sweden’s and Norway’s foreign policy towards Russia: Main problems and challenges
Abstract
The article presents the characteristics of the foreign policy of Sweden and Norway towards Russia. The chronological framework of the work covers the period from the collapse of the USSR and the beginning of the functioning of the Russian Federation as a separate actor in the international arena and up to the present day. The author analyzes the evolution of the policy of the Scandinavian countries towards Russia. The article sets out the main elements of the policy of these countries in relations with the Russian Federation. The researcher presents the main challenges that Sweden and Norway face today in the process of implementing this policy towards Russia.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Axe D., Su-27: This Plane Could Start a War Between Russia and NATO, https://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/su-27-plane-could-start-war-between-russia-nato-23202, 03 X 2019
Bildt C., Information from the Government to the Riksdag concerning Ukraine and Russia, Government Offices of Sweden, 14 March 2014
Bildt C., Russia and the World - A View from Abroad, Government Offices of Sweden, Moscow, 21 May 2011
Bildt C., Russia's justification of its offensive deeply ominous, Ministry for Foreign Affairs Sweden, 2008
Bildt C., Statement of Government Policy in the Parliamentary Debate on Foreign Affairs, Ministry for Foreign Affairs Sweden, Stockholm, 2007, 13 p.
Bildt C., Statement of Government Policy in the Parliamentary Debate on Foreign Affairs, Ministry for Foreign Affairs Sweden, Stockholm, 2009, 12 p.
Bildt C., Statement of Government Policy in the Parliamentary Debate on Foreign Affairs, Ministry for Foreign Affairs Sweden, Stockholm,2012, 14 p.
Bildt C., Statement of Government Policy in the Parliamentary Debate on Foreign Affairs, Ministry for Foreign Affairs Sweden, Stockholm, 2014, 12 p.
Bildt C., The Ukraine Crisis: What's Next for Europe? Speech at the Summit on the Future of Europe, Government Offices of Sweden, 22 September 2014
Borger J., Norway to restructure military in response to Russian 'aggression', https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/25/norway-to-restructure-military-in-response-to-russian-aggression, access: 03 X 2019
Challenge, on substantive grounds, of the still unratified credentials of the parliamentary delegation of the Russian Federation, http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/Votes/DB-VotesResults-EN.asp?VoteID=37990&DocID=19023&selSession=, access: 06 X 2019
Country strategy for development cooperation with Russia 2002 – 2004, Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Department for Central and Eastern Europe, Stockholm, 2002, 26 p.
Country strategy for development cooperation with Russia 2005 – 2008, Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Department for Central and Eastern Europe, Stockholm, 2005, 26 p.
Crimea referendum illegal and illegitimate, https://www.regjeringen.no/en/aktuelt/illegal_referendum/id753120/, access: 21 IX 2019
Ekfeldt T., High North - low tension?, Lund 2017, 26 p.
Foreign Minister Brende: ‘Regrettable Russian import ban’, https://www.regjeringen.no/en/aktuelt/Foreign-Minister-Brende-Regrettable-Russian-import-ban/id765590/, access: 21 IX 2019
Frissel E., I. Oldberg, “Cool Neighbors”: Sweden’s EU Presidency and Russia, IFRI, 2009, № 42, 20 p.
Gerhardsen W., How Norway promotes democracy in North-West Russia, Oslo 2007. 115 p.
Harding L., Russia and Norway resolve Arctic border dispute, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/sep/15/russia-norway-arctic-border-dispute, access: 18 IX 2019
Interests, Responsibilities and Opportunities The main features of Norwegian foreign policy, Report No.15 (2008–2009) to the Storting, 197 p.
Kempf O., Friends in need. The Swedish Declaration of Solidarity, http://www.egeablog.net/index.php?post/2012/09/29/Friends-in-need.-
The-Swedish-Declaration-of-Solidarity, access: 15 IX 2019
M. Krever, Norway: 'We are faced with a different Russia', https://edition.cnn.com/2015/02/25/world/amanpour-norway-ine-eriksen-soreide/index.html, access: 04 X 2019
M. Wallstrom, Statement of Government Policy in the Parliamentary Debate on Foreign Affairs, Ministry for Foreign Affairs Sweden, Stockholm, 2015, 8 p.
Measures against individuals whose actions threaten Ukraine’s territorial integrity, https://www.regjeringen.no/en/aktuelt/Measures_against_individuals_whose_actions_threaten_Ukraines_territorial_integrity/id753686/, access: 21 IX 2019
National Security Strategy, Government Offices of Sweden, Prime Minister’s Office, 2017, 26 p.
Nord Stream 2 gets green light from Sweden, https://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=2054&artikel=6971876, access: 06 X 2019
Norway condemns Russia’s annexation of Crimea, https://www.regjeringen.no/en/aktuelt/condemns_russia/id753260/, access: 21 IX 2019
Norway condemns Russian military escalation in Crimea, https://www.regjeringen.no/en/aktuelt/crimea/id752064/, access: 21 IX 2019
Norway suspends all planned military activities with Russia, https://www.regjeringen.no/en/aktuelt/Norway-suspends-all-planned-military-activities-with-Russia-/id753887/, access: 21 IX 2019
Norway tightens restrictive measures against Russia, https://www.regjeringen.no/en/aktuelt/Norway-tightens-restrictive-measures-against-Russia-/id2005821/, access: 21 IX 2019
Norway’s Arctic Policy, Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2014, 23 p.
Norway’s Role and Interests in Multilateral Cooperation, Meld. St. 27 (2018–2019) Report to the Storting (white paper), Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2019, 80 p.
Oldberg I., Russia’s “northern’’ foreign policy, Research Associate Swedish Institute of International Affairs, Stockholm, 2011, 8 p.
Russian jets spotted in Swedish airspace, https://www.thelocal.se/20140918/russian-jets-violate-swedish-airspace-report, access: 03 X 2019
Russian spies pose as diplomats in Sweden, https://www.thelocal.se/20160317/russia-is-conducting-psychological-war-against-sweden, access: 04 X 2019
Sanktioner avseende Ryssland och Ukraina, https://www.regeringen.se/regeringens-politik/utrikes--och-sakerhetspolitik/sanktioner/sanktioner-avseende-ryssland-och-ukraina/, access: 29 IX 2019
Solberg and Søreide to Putin’s Grand Arctic Conference, https://www.highnorthnews.com/en/solberg-and-soreide-putins-grand-arctic-conference, access: 06 X 2019
Speech by Carl Bildt at the OSCE Ministerial Council, Government Offices of Sweden, Vilnius, 06 December 2011
Standish R., A New Cold Front in Russia’s Information War, https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/10/03/the-new-cold-front-in-russias-information-war-nato-norway/, access: 04 X 2019
Sweden and Finland Grant Permits to Nord Stream, https://www.nord-stream.com/press-info/press-releases/sweden-and-finland-grant-permits-to-nord-stream-255/, access: 15 IX 2019
Sweden helping Chechen 'bandits': Russia, https://www.thelocal.se/20100309/25432, access: 13 IX 2019
Sweden invokes Hitler in condemning Russian assault, https://www.thelocal.se/20080809/13596, access: 13 IX 2019
Sweden pushes for tougher Russia sanctions, http://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=2054&artikel=5916241, access: 29 IX 2019
The Arctic: major opportunities – major responsibilities, Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2013, 12 p.
The High North: visions and strategies, Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2011, 44 p.
Unifiied Effort Expert Commission on Norwegian Security and Defence Policy, Norwegian Ministry of Defence, 2015, 105 p.
Wesslau F., View from Stockholm: The EU must stay the course, http://www.ecfr.eu/article/commentary_view_from_stockholm_the_eu_must_stay_the_course311443, access: 29 IX 2019
Karł Bildt: jubilejnyj portriet antirossijskogo szwiedskogo “jastrieba”
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/we.2020.6.2.97-113
Date of publication: 2020-12-28 21:24:30
Date of submission: 2020-01-13 12:21:17
Statistics
Indicators
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2020
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.