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Wyślij tekst przez e-mail Ramy prawne ochrony przyrody na obszarze Natura 2000 (sieć Emerald) na terenie elektrowni wiatrowych na przykładzie Ukrainy
Streszczenie w języku polskim
W artykule przedstawiono kompleksowy przegląd prawa europejskiego i ukraińskiego prawa krajowego w zakresie ochrony przyrody na specjalnych obszarach ochrony przyrody na terenie farm wiatrowych. W pierwszej części przeanalizowano prawo Unii Europejskiej dotyczące energii odnawialnej na tle przeciwdziałania zmianom klimatycznym oraz niektóre przepisy krajowe państw Unii. Skupiono się na prawnej regulacji oddziaływania farm wiatrowych na przyrodę na obszarach Natura 2000. Ponadto zwrócono uwagę na kroki proceduralne, które muszą być stosowane w przypadku planów i przedsięwzięć mogących znacząco oddziaływać na obszar Natura 2000. W drugiej części artykułu omówiono kwestie prawne ochrony przyrody zgodnie z ukraińskim prawem krajowym na obszarze sieci Emerald (Natura 2000) na terenach elektrowni wiatrowych. Autorka wskazuje, że Ukraina posiada różne ustawy regulujące lokalizację farm wiatrowych, które wymagają przeprowadzenia oceny oddziaływania na środowisko oraz strategicznej oceny oddziaływania na środowisko jako instrumentu prawnego ochrony dzikiej przyrody. Następnie wskazane zostały konkretne przepisy dotyczące ochrony przyrody na Ukrainie, które zabraniają prowadzenia działalności gospodarczej na specjalnych obszarach chronionych. Szerzej omówiono też ochronę przyrody na terenach farm wiatrowych na obszarze Połoniny Borżawskiej (sieć Emerald).
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LITERATURE
Akerboom S., Anker H.T., Backes C., Bovet J., Cavallin E., Cliquet A., Kock W., Mathews F., McFillivray D., Schoukens H., Wind Energy Projects and Species Protection Law: A Comparative Analysis of the Application of EU Law in Five Member States, “European Energy and Environmental Law Review” 2019, no. 4.
Dergachova V., Kravchenko M., Kuznietsova K., Kotsko T., Ukraine’s energy policy: analysis and development strategy, “Polityka Energetyczna – Energy Policy Journal” 2020, vol. 23(4), DOI: https://doi.org/10.33223/epj/128598.
Dubovyk O., Bokotey A., Pokrytiuk L., Bodnar V., Strus Y., Ruchko O., Autumn migration of birds over Polonyna Borzhava (Ukrainian Carpathians), “Zoodiversity” 2020, vol. 54(1), DOI: https://doi.org/10.15407/zoo2020.01.043.
Hötker H., Thomsen K., Jeromin H., Impacts on Biodiversity of Exploitation of Renewable Energy Sources: The Example of Birds and Bats, Report by Nature and Biodiversity Conservation Union (NABU) 2006.
Hutchins M., Parr M., Schroeder D., ABC’s Bird-Smart Wind Energy Campaign: Protecting Birds from Poorly Sited Wind Energy Development, “Human-Wildlife Interactions” 2016, vol. 10(1).
Jackson A.L.R., Renewable energy vs. biodiversity: Policy conflicts and the future of nature conservation, “Global Environmental Change” 2011, vol. 21(4), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.07.001.
Kulovesi K., Oberthür S., Assessing the EU’s 2030 Climate and Energy Policy Framework: Incremental change toward radical transformation?, “Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law” 2020, vol. 29(2), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/reel.12358.
Kuvleski W.P., Brennan L.A., Morrison M.L., Boydston K.K., Ballard B.M., Bryant F.C., Wind Energy Development and Wildlife Conservation: Challenges and Opportunities, “Journal of Wildlife Management” 2007, vol. 71(8), DOI: https://doi.org/10.2193/2007-248.
Lilley M., Firestone J., Wind Power, Wildlife, and the Migratory Bird Treaty Act: A Way Forward, “Environmental Law” 2008, vol. 38(4).
Möckel S., The European ecological network “Natura 2000” and the appropriate assessment for projects and plans under Article 6(3) of the Habitats Directive, “Nature Conservation” 2017, vol. 23, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.23.13599.
Murphy J., Anderson L., Responsible Wind Power and Wildlife, Washington 2019.
Niewiadomski A., Protection of the Biosphere in Natura 2000 Sites, “Studia Iuridica Lublinensia” 2020, vol. 29(2), DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2020.29.2.151-161.
Panarella S., For the Birds: Wind Energy, Dead Eagles, and Unwelcome Surprises, “Hastings West-Northwest Journal of Environmental Law & Policy” 2014, vol. 20.
Stelmasiak J., Nature Reserve as a Legal Form of Nature Protection, “Studia Iuridica Lublinensia” 2020, vol. 29(2), DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2020.29.2.163-172.
Verschuuren J., Climate Change: Rethinking Restoration in the European Union’s Birds and Habitats Directives, “Ecological Restoration” 2010, vol. 28(4).
Watkins D., Burton M., Research Methods in Law, London 2017.
ONLINE SOURCES
Allison T.D., Diffendorfer J., Baerwald E.F., Beston J.A., Drake D., Hale A.M., Hein C.D., Huso M.M., Loss S.R., Lovich J.E., Strickland M.D., Williams K.A., Winder V.L., Impacts to Wildlife of Wind Energy Siting and Operation in the United States, 2019, www.esa.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Issues-in-Ecology_Fall-2019.pdf [access: 10.05.2021].
Conclusion of the Department of Ecology and Natural Resources of the Zakarpattia Oblast State Administration, http://eia.menr.gov.ua/uploads/documents/1829/reports/b4b9bfdae9d3b32a52c9e14b54e7e195.pdf [access: 12.08.2021] (in Ukrainian).
European Commission, Assessment of plans and projects significantly affecting Natura 2000 sites. Methodological guidance on the provisions of Article 6 (3) and (4) of the Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC, https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/management/docs/art6/natura_2000_assess_en.pdf [access: 16.05.2021].
European Commission, Commission notice: Guidance document on wind energy developments and EU nature legislation, Brussels, 18.11.2020, C(2020) 7730 final, https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/management/docs/wind_farms_en.pdf [access: 10.06.2021].
Standing Committee of Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (39th meeting, 3–6 December 2019), Presumed threat to Emerald site “Polonina Borzhava” (UA0000263) from wind energy development (Ukraine), https://rm.coe.int/other-complaints-presumed-threat-to-emerald-site-polonina-borzhava-ua0/1680931a4e [access: 10.08.2021].
Standing Committee of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats on their 40th meeting (30 November – 4 December 2020), List of decisions and adopted texts, https://rm.coe.int/draft-list-of-decisions-of-the-40th-standing-committee/1680a09902 [access: 14.08.2021].
Stryjecki M., Mielniczuk K., Wytyczne w zakresie prognozowania oddziaływań na środowisko farm wiatrowych, Warszawa 2011, https://fnez.pl/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Wytyczne.pdf [access: 10.08.2021] (in Polish).
Submission by Latvia and the European Commission on behalf of the European Union and its Member States, Intended Nationally Determined Contribution by the European Union and its Member States, Riga, 6 March 2015, https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/PublishedDocuments/Italy%20First/LV-03-06-EU%20INDC.pdf [access: 10.08.2021].
Updated Nationally Determined Contribution of Ukraine to the Paris Agreement, https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/PublishedDocuments/Ukraine%20First/Ukraine%20NDC_July%2031.pdf [access: 20.08.2021].
Wind Energy and Specially Protected Areas: USAID Energy Program, 26.09.2019, https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00W52J.pdf [access: 10.08.2021].
LEGAL ACTS
Act of 20 May 2016 on investments in wind power plants (Journal of Laws 2016, item 961) (in Polish).
Association Agreement between the European Union and its Member States, of the one part, and Ukraine, of the other part (OJ L 161, 29.05.2014, pp. 3–2137).
Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee, the Committee of the Regions and the European Investment Bank – A Clean Planet for all: A European strategic long-term vision for a prosperous, modern, competitive and climate neutral economy, COM/2018/773 final.
Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions – The European Green Deal, COM/2019/640 final.
Concept of state policy implementation in climate change sphere for the period up to 2030 in Ukraine, 6.12.2017, https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/878-2017-%D1%80#Text [access: 10.07.2021] (in Ukrainian).
Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992, www.cbd.int/doc/legal/cbd-en.pdf [access: 10.07.2021].
Convention on Biological Diversity, ratified by Ukrainian Law of 29 December 1994, https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/995_030#Text [access: 10.07.2021] (in Ukrainian).
Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats, Bern, 19.09.1979, ETS no. 104.
Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, 1979, www.cms.int/en/convention-text [access: 10.07.2021].
Council Decision (EU) 2016/1841 of 5 October 2016 on the conclusion, on behalf of the European Union, of the Paris Agreement adopted under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (OJ L 282, 19.10.2016, pp. 1–3), Paris Agreement (OJ L 282, 19.10.2016, pp. 4–18).
Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora (OJ L 206, 22.07.1992, pp. 7–50).
Directive 2001/42/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 June 2001 on the assessment of the effects of certain plans and programmes on the environment (OJ L 197, 21.07.2001, pp. 30–37).
Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC (OJ EU L 140/16, 5.06.2009).
Directive 2009/147/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 November 2009 on the conservation of wild birds (OJ L 20/7, 26.01.2010).
Directive 2011/92/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment (OJ L 26/1, 28.01.2012).
Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources (OJ EU L 328/82, 21.12.2018).
DSTU 8339: 2015 – Wind power sector. Wind power plants. Environmental Impact Assessment of Wind Power Plants, http://online.budstandart.com/ua/catalog/doc-page?id_doc=62884 [access: 10.07.2021] (in Ukrainian).
Energy Strategy of Ukraine for the period up to 2035 “Security, Energy Efficiency, Competitiveness”, 18.08.2017, https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/605-2017-%D1%80#Text [access: 10.07.2021] (in Ukrainian).
European Commission, Managing Natura 2000 sites, The provisions of Article 6 of the Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC (OJ EU C 33/1, 25.01.2019).
Law of Ukraine of 16 October 1992 on the basis of urban development, https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2780-12#Text [access: 10.07.2021] (in Ukrainian).
Law of Ukraine of 25 June 1991 on environmental protection, https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1264-12#Text [access: 10.07.2021] (in Ukrainian).
Law of Ukraine of 16 June 1992 on the Nature Reserve Fund of Ukraine, https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2456-12#Text [access: 10.07.2021] (in Ukrainian).
Law of Ukraine of 13 December 2001 on the wildlife, https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2894-14#Text [access: 10.07.2021] (in Ukrainian).
Law of Ukraine of 7 February 2002 on the Red Book of Ukraine, https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/3055-14#Text [access: 10.07.2021] (in Ukrainian).
Law of Ukraine of 20 February 2003 on alternative energy sources, https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/555-15#Text [access: 10.07.2021] (in Ukrainian).
Law of Ukraine of 19 June 2003 on land conservation, https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/962-15#Text [access: 10.07.2021] (in Ukrainian).
Law of Ukraine of 24 June 2004 on ecological network, https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1864-15#Text [access: 10.07.2021] (in Ukrainian).
Law of Ukraine of 17 February 2011 on Urban development activities regulation, https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/3038-17#Text [access: 10.07.2021] (in Ukrainian).
Law of Ukraine of 14 July 2016 for ratification of Paris Agreement 2015, https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1469-19#n2 [access: 10.07.2021] (in Ukrainian).
Law of Ukraine of 13 April 2017 on electricity energy market, https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2019-19#n1784 [access: 10.07.2021] (in Ukrainian).
Strategy of Ukraine for Low Carbon Development of Ukraine for up to 2050, 18.07.2018, https://mepr.gov.ua/files/docs/Proekt/LEDS_ua_last.pdf [access: 10.07.2021] (in Ukrainian).
Ukrainian Law of ratification the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats, ratified on 29 October 1996, https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/995_032#Text [access: 10.07.2021] (in Ukrainian).
Ukrainian Law of ratification the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, ratified on 19 March 1999, https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/995_136#Text [access: 10.07.2021] (in Ukrainian).
Ukrainian Law of ratification the Framework Convention on Conservation and Sustainable Development of Carpathians, ratified on 7 April 2004, https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/998_164#Text [access: 10.07.2021] (in Ukrainian).
Ukrainian National Action Plan for Renewable Energy for up to 2020, 1.10.2014, https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/902-2014-%D1%80#Text [access: 10.07.2021] (in Ukrainian).
CASE LAW
Judgement of the EU Court of Justice in case C-2/10, Azienda Agro-Zootecnica Franchini sarl and Eolica di Altamura Srl v. Regione Puglia, https://curia.europa.eu/juris/liste.jsf?language=en&num=c-2/10 [access: 10.07.2021].
Judgement of the EU Court of Justice in case C-304/05, Commission of the European Communities v. Italian Republic, https://curia.europa.eu/juris/liste.jsf?language=en&num=C-304/05 [access: 10.07.2021].
Judgement of the EU Court of Justice in case C-193/07, Commission of the European Communities v. Republic of Poland, https://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?text=&docid=60861&pageIndex=0&doclang=en&mode=lst&dir=&occ=first∂=1&cid=2323253 [access: 10.07.2021].
Judgement of the EU Court of Justice in case C-6/04, Commission of the European Communities v. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, https://curia.europa.eu/juris/showPdf.jsf?docid=65588&doclang=EN [access: 10.07.2021].
Judgement of the EU Court of Justice in case C-141/14, European Commission v. Republic of Bulgaria, https://curia.europa.eu/juris/liste.jsf?language=en&num=C-141/14 [access: 10.07.2021].
Judgement of the EU Court of Justice in case C-127/02, Waddenvereniging and Vogelsbeschermingvereniging, https://curia.europa.eu/juris/liste.jsf?language=en&num=C-127/02 [access: 10.07.2021].
Judgement of the Ukrainian Eighth Administrative Court of Appeal in case no. 260/771/19, https://reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/92787005 [access: 10.07.2021].
Judgement of the Ukrainian Zakarpattia County Administrative Court in case no. 260/771/19, https://reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/85768642 [access: 10.07.2021].
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2021.30.3.207-225
Data publikacji: 2021-09-16 22:46:56
Data złożenia artykułu: 2021-06-20 13:53:19
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Prawa autorskie (c) 2021 Olha Sushyk, olha Sushyk, Olha Sushyk
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