Remarks About the Jewish Emigration From the Kingdom of Poland to USA Before WWI

Konrad Zieliński

Abstract


Before 1914, more than 2 million Jews arrived in the United States of America, accounting for nearly 6% of all European emigration to that country. It is estimated that up to 70% of Jewish immigrants in the United States were subjects of the Tsar, and up to a third of them came from the Polish lands of the Russian empire. Jews from the Kingdom of Poland were the first among the inhabitants of the Russian Empire to establish legal and illegal migration channels. This was due to the proximity of the German-Russian border and thus easier access to German ports, as well as the ties connecting the Jews in the Kingdom with their co-religionists in the Prussian partition. Based on the literature on the subject and statistical data, the article discusses the volume of emigration from the Polish lands with special emphasis on the emigration of Jews from the Kingdom of Poland, the circumstances and causes of emigration with consideration given to changing theories on the subject, the nature of Jewish emigration and migration routes. The aim of this article is, first of all, to review the present state of research on the overseas emigration of Jews from the Kingdom of Poland and then to indicate source materials and literature that will help in further research.

Keywords


Jews; emigration; Kingdom of Poland; USA; migration networks

Full Text:

PDF

References


Rocznik Statystyczny Królestwa Polskiego z uwzględnieniem innych ziem polskich. Rok 1915, red. E. Strasburger, Warszawa 1916.

Alroey G., Between the straits: Jewish immigration to the United States and Palestine, 1915–1925, „East European Jewish Affairs” 2017, 47.

Alroey G., Bread to Eat and Clothes to Wear: Letters from Jewish Migrants in the Early Twentieth Century, Detroit 2011.

Aronson M., Geographical and Socioeconomic Factors in the 1881 Anti-Jewish Pogroms in Russia, „Russian Review” 1980, 39, 1.

Balkelis T., Opening Gates to the West: Lithuanian and Jewish Migrations from the Lithuanian Provinces, 1867–1914, „Etniškumo Studijos/Ethnicity Studies” 2010, 1–2.

Birmingham S., ‘The Rest of Us’. The Rise of America’s Eastern European Jews, Boston–Toronto 1984.

Boustan L.P., Were Jews Political Refugees or Economic Migrants? Assessing the Persecution Theory of Jewish Emigration, 1881–1914, w: The New Comparative Economic History. Essays in Honor of Jeffrey G. Williamson, red. T.J. Hatton, K.H. O'Rourke, A.M. Taylor, Cambridge, MA–London 2007.

Brodkin K., How Jews Became White Folks and What That Says about Race in America, New Brunswick–New Jersey–London 2000.

Buzek J., Pogląd na wzrost ludności ziem polskich w wieku XIX, Kraków 1915.

Caro L., Emigracyja i polityka emigracyjna ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem stosunków polskich, Poznań 1914.

Caro L., Statystyka emigracji polskiej i austro-węgierskiej do Stanów Zjednoczonych Ameryki Północnej, Kraków 1907.

Dillingham W.P., Emigration Conditions in Europe, United States Immigration Commission (1907–1910), Washington 1911.

Diner H., A Time for Gathering. The Second Migration 1820–1880, Baltimore–London 1992.

Dinnerstein L., Antisemitism in America, New York–Oxford 1994.

Dubnow S., History of the Jews in Russia and Poland, from the Earliest Times Until the Present Day, transl. I. Friedlaender, Philadelphia 1916.

Evans N.J., The port Jews of Libau, 1880–1914, „Jewish Culture and History” 2004, 7, 1–2.

Feingold H.L., A Time for Searching. Entering the Mainstream 1920–1945, Baltimore–London 1992.

Feys T., Between the public and the State: The Shipping Lobby’s Strategies against US Immigration Restrictions 1882–1917, „International Migration Review” 2015, 49, 4.

Feys T., The Battle for Migrants: The Introduction of Steamships on the North-Atlantic and its Impact on the European Exodus, St. John’s 2013.

Friedlander I., The Division Between German and Russian Jews, w: The Jew in the Modern World. A Documentary History, red. P. Mendes-Flohr, J. Reinharz, New York–Oxford 1995.

Gawryszewski A., Ludność Polski w XX wieku, Warszawa 2005.

Goldscheider C., Zuckerman A.S., The Transformation of the Jews, Chicago 1984.

Green N.L., Jewish Workers in the Modern Diaspora, Berkeley–Los Angeles–London 1998.

Hersch L., International Migration of the Jews, w: International Migrations. Interpretations, t. 2, red. W. Wilcox, New York 1931.

Hertzberg A., The Jews in America, New York 1997.

Howe I. (assist. Kenneth Libo), World of Our Fathers, New York 1976.

Hödl K., Vom Shtetl an die Lower East Side. Galizsische Juden in New York, Wien 1991.

International Migrations. Statistics, vol. 1, red. I. Ferenczi, W.F. Wilcox, New York 1929.

Hyman P.E., Gender and Assimilation in Modern Jewish History. The Roles and Representation of Women, Seattle–London 1997.

Jedlicki J., The End of the Dialogue. Warsaw 1907–1912, w: The Jews in Poland, t. 2, red. S. Kapralski, Cracow 1999.

Kabakoff J., The View from the Old World: East European Jewish Perspective, w: The Americanization of the Jews, red. R.M. Seltzer, N.J. Cohen, New York 1995.

Kahan A., Essays in Jewish Social and Economic History, Chicago 1986.

Kapiszewski A., Emigracja Żydów z Polski do Stanów Zjednoczonych, „Biuletyn Żydowskiego Instytutu Historycznego” 1986, 1–2.

Kobrin R., When a Jew was a ‘Landsman’. Rethinking American Jewish regional identity in the age of mass migration, „Journal of Modern Jewish Studies” 2007, 8.

Kulpińska J., Migracje z polskiej wsi do Stanów Zjednoczonych: Listy pasażerów statków jako źródło badań migracji z polskiej wsi do Stanów Zjednoczonych. Studium przypadku powiatu strzyżowskiego, w: Polityka migracyjna w obliczu współczesnych wyzwań: teoria i praktyka, red. H. Chałupczak et al., Lublin 2018.

Kuzmany B., Brody. Eine galizische Grenzstadt im langen 19. Jahrhundert, Vienna–Cologne–Weimar 2011.

MacDonald K., Jewish Involvement in Shaping American Immigration Policy, 1881–1965: A Historical Review, „Population and Environment. A Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies” 1998, 19, 4.

Mahler R., The Economic Background of Jewish Emigration from Galicia to the United States, w: East European Jews in Two Worlds: Studies from the YIVO Annual, red. D.D. Moore, Evanston 1990.

Markowski A., Między wschodem a zachodem. Rodzina i gospodarstwo domowe Żydów Suwalskich w pierwszej połowie XIX wieku, Warszawa 2008.

Matłoka M., The everyday life of Lower East Side Jews on the turn of the 19th and 20th century – selected aspects in the light of American daily press, „Zeszyty Naukowe Towarzystwa Doktorantów Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. Nauki Społeczne” 2015, 11, 2.

Morawska E., For bread with butter: the life-worlds of East Central Europeans in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, 1890–1940, Cambridge 1985.

Obolensky–Ossinsky V.V., Emigration from and immigration into Russia, w: International Migrations. Interpretations, vol. 2, red. W. Wilcox, New York 1931.

Okołowicz J., Wychodźtwo i osadnictwo polskie przed pierwszą wojną światową, Warszawa 1920.

Oltmer J., „Verbotswidrige Einwanderung nach Deutschland”: Osteuropäische Juden im Kaiserreich und in der Weimarer Republik, „Aschkenas” 2007, 17.

Orlicki J., Szkice z dziejów stosunków polsko-żydowskich 1918–1949, Szczecin 1983.

Pawłowski S., O emigracji Żydów z Polski, Warszawa 1937.

Praszałowicz D., Makowski K., Zięba A.A., Mechanizmy zamorskich migracji łańcuchowych w XIX wieku: Polacy, Niemcy, Żydzi, Rusini, Kraków 2004.

Rogger H., Jewish Policies and Right–Wing Politics in Imperial Russia, Hampshire–London 1986.

Ruppin A., Die Juden der Gegenwart. Eine sozialwissenschaftliche studies, Berlin 1920.

Scott E.M., Galician Jews as Migrants: An Altarnative Hypothesis, „Austrian History Yearbook” 1975, 11.

Serrier T., Zwischen Inklusion und Exklusion: jüdische Erinnerungen im Spannungsfeld der deutschen und polnischen Nationsbildungen in der Provinz Posen des Kaiserreichs, w: Verflochtene Erinnerungen. Polen und seine Nachbarn im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert, red. M. Aust, K. Ruchniewicz, S. Troebst, Cologne 2009.

Sorin G., A Time for Building. The Third Migration 1880–1920, Baltimore–London 1992.

Soyer D., Jewish Immigrant Associations and American Identity in New York, 1880–1939: Jewish Landsmanshaftn in American Culture, Detroit 2018.

Spitzer Y., Pogroms, Networks, and Migration: Jewish Migration from the Russian Empire to the United States 1881–1914, http://eh.net/eha/wp–content/uploads/2013/11/Spitzer.pdf, [dostęp: 20 XII 2020].

Starczewski M., Z dziejów emigracji zarobkowej: agenci emigracyjni na ziemiach polskich przed 1914 r., „Przegląd Historyczny” 2012, 103, 1.

Strauss-Feuerlicht R., The Fate of the Jews. A People Torn Between Israeli Power and Jewish Ethnics, New York–Toronto 1983.

Szwalbe N., Straszak emigracyjny, „Myśl Żydowska” 1916, 13.

Ury S., Jewish migration in modern times: the case of Eastern Europe, „East European Jewish Affairs” 2017, 47.

Ury S., The Jews of the Russian Empire in a Time of Revolution and Violence, 1904–1907: An Introduction, „Studia Judaica” 2017, 20, 1.

Urzędowa krytyka obecnego systemu paszportowego w Rosyi, „Polski Przegląd Emigracyjny” 1909, 14.

Weeks T.R., Poles, Jews, and Russians, 1863–1914: The Death of the Ide al of Assimilation in the Kingdom of Poland, „Polin. Studies in Polish Jewry” 1999, 12.

Wischnitzer M., To Dwell in Safety: The Story of Jewish Migration Since 1800, Philadelphia 1948.

Wróbel P., Przed odzyskaniem niepodległości, w: Najnowsze dzieje Żydów w Polsce, red. J. Tomaszewski, Warszawa 1993.

Zieliński K., Emigracja żydowska z Rosji i Królestwa Polskiego do Stanów Zjednoczonych Ameryki Północnej 1881–1918. Zarys problematyki, „Kwartalnik Historii Żydów” 2002, 1.

Ziomek K., Obraz masowego wychodźstwa z ziem polskich do Brazylii w latach 1890–1897 na łamach ówczesnej prasy oraz literatury – zarys problematyki, „Zeszyty Naukowe Towarzystwa Doktorantów Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. Nauki Społeczne” 2018, 23, 4.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/rh.2022.53.315-341
Date of publication: 2022-06-30 13:43:56
Date of submission: 2021-03-29 17:51:44


Statistics


Total abstract view - 2060
Downloads (from 2020-06-17) - PDF - 496

Indicators



Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2022 Konrad Zieliński

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.