Cultural Change and Ethnic Change in the Early Middle Ages – the Example of Central and Eastern Europe in the Context of Contemporary Biological Studies of the Continent’s Past Populations
Abstract
The author of the article aims at revealing the serious difference that has emerged between the traditional interpretations of the history of Central and Eastern Europe, present in the works of historians and archaeologists, and the new data brought by the DNA research of the past populations of this area. The former, based on the results of archaeological research pointing to cultural changes, assume a thorough population exchange that supposedly took place in the early Middle Ages, while the latter indicate the continuity of the same biological population peopling the region since over a thousand years BC. The author tries to explain these discrepancies by pointing to the cases of cultural and even ethnic changes within the same biological population coming from other parts of Europe, taking place under the influence of small groups of strangers.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Studies
Allentoft M.E. et al., Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia, ‘Nature’ 2015, 522 (7555).
Ammerman A.J., Cavalli-Sforza L.L., The Neolithic Transition and the Genetics of Populations in Europe, Princeton 1984.
Anderson B., Imagined Communities. Reflexions on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, London–New York 1983.
Armstrong J.A., Nations Before Nationalism, Chapel Hill 1982.
Back L., Solomos J., Theories of Race and Racism, London–New York 2000.
Bading I., Die Zusammensetzung der Bevölkerung Deutschlands hinsichtlich der genetischen Abstammung, http://studgendeutsch.blogspot.com/2007/11/ [accessed on: 31 I 2020].
Banaszkiewicz J., Podania o «Początku», in: Dynastie Europy, ed. A. Mączak, Wrocław 1997.
Barford P.M., Crisis in the Shadows: Recent Polish Polemic on the Origin of the Slavs, ‘Slavia Antiqua’ 2003, 44.
Bierbrauer V., Zur ethnischen Interpretation in der frühgeschichtlichen Archäologie, in: Die Suche nach den Ursprüngen. Von der Bedeutung des frühen Mittelalters, ed. W. Pohl, Wien 2004.
Bieszk J., Słowiańscy królowie Lechii. Polska Starożytna, Warszawa 2016.
Bieszk J., Starożytne Królestwo Lehii, Warszawa 2019.
Border, Barriers, And Ethnogenesis Frontiers In Late Antiquity and in the Middle Ages, ed. F. Curta, in: Studies in the Early Middle Ages, vol. 12, Turnhout 2005.
Bowersock G., Brown P., Grabar O., Interpreting Late Antiquity: Essays on the Postclassical World, Harvard 2001.
Brah A., Hickham M.J., Mac an Ghaill M., Thinking Identities: Ethnicity, Racism and Culture, (Introduction), Basingstoke 1999.
Brandt G. et al., Ancient DNA Reveals Key Stages in the Formation of Central European Mitochondrial Genetic Diversity, ‘Science’ 2013, 342, 6155.
Britons in Anglo-Saxon England, ed. N.J. Higham, Woodbridge 2007.
Brown T.A., Genomes 4, New York–London 2018.
Brühl C., Deutschland-Frankreich. Die Geburt zweier Völker, Köln–Wien 1990.
Buko A., The Archeology of Early Medieval Poland. Discoveries–Hypotheses–Interpretations, Leiden–Boston 2008.
Bycroft C., Patterns of genetic differentiation and the footprints of historical migrations in the Iberian Peninsula, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6358624/ [accessed on: 31 I 2020].
Calladine C.R. et al., Understanding DNA: the Molecule and How it Works, Amsterdam 2003.
Callaway E., Four-thousand-year-old genomes show deep roots of social inequality, ‘Nature’ 2019, 574 (7778).
Cavalli-Sforza L.L., The History and Geography of Human Genes, Princeton 1994.
Cecil R., The Myth of the Master Race: Alfred Rosenberg and Nazi Ideology, New York 1972.
Clover C., Black Wind, White Snow The Rise of Russia’s New Nationalism, Yale 2017.
Currat M., Consequences of population expansions on European genetic diversity, in: Population Dynamics in Prehistory and Early History, eds. E. Kaiser, J. Burger, W. Schier, Berlin–Boston 2012.
Curry A., Slaughter at the bridge: Uncovering a colossal Bronze Age battle, ‘Science’ 2016, 351, 6280.
Curta F., Ethnic identity and archeology, in: Encyclopedia of Global Archeology, ed. C. Smith, New York 2014.
Daninoi M., Genetics and the Aryan Debate, ‘Bulletin of the Indian Archaeological Society’ 2005, 36.
Das Reich und Polen. Parallelen, Interaktionen und Formen der Akkulturation im hohen und späten Mittelalter, eds. A. Patschovsky, T. Wünsch, in: Vorträge und Forschungen, Bd. 59, Ostfildern 2003.
Douglas-Price T. et al., Multi-isotope proveniencing of human remains from a Bronze Age battlefield in the Tollense Valley in northeast Germany, ‘Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences’ 2019, 11.
Eastern Central Europe in the Early Middle Ages. Conflicts, Migrations and Ethnic Processes, eds. W. Pohl, C. Spinei, Bucaresti 2008.
Florek-Moskal M., Skąd pochodzą Polacy, https://www.wprost.pl/tygodnik/87299/Skad-pochodza-Polacy.html [accessed on: 31 I 2020].
Forsell G., Race and Religion. The Construction of Race in Proto-Nazi Christian Association in Interwar Sweden, Uppsalla 2018.
Fredrickson G.M., Racism. A Short History, Princeton 2002.
Gardell M., Gods of the Blood: The Pagan Revival and White Separatism, Durham 2003.
Gat A., Yakobson A., Nations. The Long History and Deep Roots of Political Ethnicity and Nationalism, Cambridge 2013.
Goldsworthy A., The Fall of the West: The Slow Death of the Roman Superpower, Phoenix 2010.
Gołąb Z., The Origins of the Slavs. A Linguist's View, Columbus 1992.
Gregor J., Nordcism Revised, ‘Phylon’ 1960, 22, 4.
Grimmer M., Invasion, Settlement or Political Conquest: Changing Representations of the Arrival of the Anglo-Saxons in Britain, ‘Journal of the Australian Early Medieval Association’ 2007, 3, 1.
Grzybowski T. et al., Complex interactions of the Eastern and Western Slavic populations with other European groups as revealed by mitochondrial DNA analysis, ‘Forensic Science International: Genetics’ 2007, 1 (2).
Grzybowski T. et al., Statystyczna i filogenetyczna interpretacja wyników badań mitochondrialnego DNA domniemanych szczątków Mikołaja Kopernika z archikatedry fromborskiej, in: Tajemnica grobu Mikołaja Kopernika. Dialog ekspertów (Kraków 22–23 II 2010), ed. M. Kokowski, Kraków 2012.
Gütner H.F.K, Kleine Rassenkunde des deutschen Volkes, München–Berlin 1939.
Gwozdz P.S., Y–DNA domniemanych szczątków Kopernika należy do haplogrupy R1b1b2a1/, in: Tajemnica grobu Mikołaja Kopernika. Dialog ekspertów (Kraków 22–23 II 2010), ed. M. Kokowski, Kraków 2012.
Haak W. et al., Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-Europan Languages in Europe, ‘Nature’ 2015, 522 (7555).
Halsall G., Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West, Cambridge 2008.
Handschuh L. et al., W poszukiwaniu Piastów, ‘Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne’ 2016, 14.
Hedges R., Anglo-Saxon Migration and the Molecular Evidence, in: The Oxford Handbook of Anglo-Saxon Archeology, eds. H. Hamerow, D.A. Hinton, S. Crawford, Oxford 2011.
Henning J., Gefangenenfesseln im slawischen Siedlungsraum und der europäische Sklavenhandel im 6. bis 12. Jahrhundert, ‘Germania’ 1992, 70.
Higham N.J., Literary Evidence for Villas, Towns and Hillforts in Fifth-Century Britain, ‘Britannia’ 1994, 25.
Higham N.J., Ryan M.J., The Anglo-Saxon World, Yale 2013.
Iwanek B., Segeda S., Antropologia o pochodzeniu Słowian, Poznań 2008.
Jacob F., Le jeu des possibles. Essai sur la diversité du vivant, Paris 1981.
Janeczek A., Świadomość wspólnoty słowiańskiej w pełnym i późnym średniowieczu, in: Słowianie – idea i rzeczywistość. Collection of studies, eds. K.A. Makowski, M. Saczyńska, Poznań 2013.
Juras A. et al., Ancient DNA Reveals Matrilinear Continuity in Present Day Poland over the Last Two Millennia, ‘Plos One’ 2014, 9, 10.
Kara M., Najstarsze państwo Piastów – rezultat przełomu czy kontynuacji? Studium archeologiczne, Poznań 2009.
Kivisild T. et al., The genetic heritage of the earliest settlers persists both in Indian tribal and caste populations, ‘American Journal of Human Genetics’ 2003, 72, 2.
Kokowski A., Cień Światowita czyli pięć głosów w sprawie etnogenezy Słowian, Lublin 2002.
Labuda G., Plemiona czeskie i polskie w dokumencie biskupstwa praskiego z roku 1086, in: G. Labuda, Słowiańszczyzna starożytna i wczesnośredniowieczna. Materiały źródłowe do nauki historii dla uczniów, studentów i nauczycieli, Poznań 2003.
Lunde A., The Vikings on Film: Essays on Depictions of the Nordic Middle Ages, ‘Scandinavian Studies’ 2011, 83, 3.
Lynch M. et al., Truth Machine. The Contentious History of DNA Fingerprinting, Chicago 2008.
Magocsi P.R., Historical Atlas of East Central Europe, Toronto 1995.
Maiden M., Smith J.Ch., Ledgeway A., The Cambridge History of the Romance Languages, vol. 2, Contexts, Cambridge 2011.
Malić B., The Invisible Empire: Introduction to Alexander Dugin's ‘Foundations of Geopolitics’, http://en.kalitribune.com/the-invisible-empire-introduction-to-alexander-dugins-foundations-of-geopolitics-pt-1/ [accessed on: 07 V 2017].
Mączyńska M., Światło z popiołu: Wędrówki ludów w Europie w IV i V wieku, Warszawa 2013.
Mielnik-Sikorska M. et. al., The History of Slavs Inferred from Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequences, https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0054360 [accessed on: 27 I 2020].
Morning A., The Nature of Race: How Scientists Think and Teach about Human Difference, Berkeley 2011.
On Barbarian Identity. Critical Approaches to Ethnicity in the Early Middle Ages, ed. A. Gillett, in: Studies in the Early Middle Ages, vol. 4, Turnhout 2002.
Özdoğan M., Anatolia and the Balkans, in: The Global Prehistory of Human Migration, ed. P. Belwood, Malden–Oxford 2013.
Pericić M. et al., High-resolution phylogenetic analysis of southeastern Europe traces major episodes of paternal gene flow among Slavic populations, ‘Molecular Biology and Evolution’ 2005, 22, 10.
Piontek J., Archeologiczne rekonstrukcje procesu etnogenezy Słowian a ustalenia antropologii fizycznej, in: Praojczyzna Słowian. Zbiór wypowiedzi, ed. W. Mańczak, Kraków 2001.
Piontek J., Biologia populacji pradziejowych. Zarys metodyczny, Poznań 1999.
Pleszczyński A., The Birth of Stereotyope: Polish Rulers and Their Country in German Writtings c. 1000, Boston–Laiden 2008.
Rębała K. et al., Y-STR variation among Slavsː evidence for the Slavic homeland in the middle Dnieper basin, ‘Journal of Human Genetics’ 2007, 52, 5.
Rio A., Slavery After Rome, 500–1100, Oxford 2017.
Rosser Z.H. et al., Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Europe Is Clinal and Influenced Primarily by Geography, Rather than by Language, ‘American Journal of Human Genetics’ 2000, 67.
Sell Ch., Addressing Challenges of Ancient DNA Sequence Data Obtained with Next Generation Methods, Mainz 2017.
Sharma S. et al., The Indian origin of paternal haplogroup R1a1 * substantiates the autochthonous origin of Brahmins and the caste system, ‘Journal of Human Genetics’ 2009, 54, 1.
Smith A., The Ethnic Origins of Nations, Oxford 1986.
Sommer M., «It’s a Living History, Told by the Real Survivors of the Times-DNA». Anthropological Genetics in the Tradition of Biology as Applied History, in: Genetics and the Unsettled Past. The Collision of DNA, Race, and History, eds. K. Wailoo, A. Nelson, C. Lee, New Brunswick 2012.
Stolarek I. et al., Goth migration induced changes in the matrilinear genetic structure of the central-east European population, ‘Scientific Reports’ 2019, 9.
Tajemnica grobu Mikołaja Kopernika. Dialog ekspertów (Kraków 22–23 II 2010), ed. M. Kokowski, Kraków 2012.
Thomas M.G. et al., Europe and Western Asia: Genetics and Population History, in: The Encyclopedia of Global Human Migration, eds. I. Ness et al., Chichester 2013.
Třeštík D., Mýty kmene Čechů (7.–10. století). Tři studie ke ‘Starým pověstem českým’, Praha 2003.
Ward-Perkins B., Why did the Anglo-Saxons not become more British?, ‘The English Historical Review’ 2000, 462.
Weinfurter S., Das Reich im Mittelalter: kleine deutsche Geschichte von 500 bis 1500, München 2008.
Wiercinski A., Bielicki T., The Racial Analysis of Human Populations in Relation to Their Ethnogenesis, ‘Current Anthropology’ 1962, 3, 1.
Witczak K.T., O dwóch plemionach prapolskich zasiedlających Ziemię Przemyską i Chełmską, ‘Acta Archaelogica Carpathica’ 2003, 38.
Wolff L., Inventing Eastern Europe: The Map of Civilization in the Mind of Enlightenment, Stanford 2000.
Wolfram H., Die Germanen, München 2007.
Wołoszyn M., Theophylaktos Simokates und die Slawen am Ende des westlichen Ozeans – die erste Erwähnung der Ostseeslawen?, Kraków 2014.
Zientara B., Świt narodów europejskich: powstawanie świadomości narodowej na obszarze Europy pokarolińskiej, Warszawa 1985.
Żuchowicz R., Wielka Lechia. Źródła i przyczyny popularności teorii pseudonaukowej okiem historyka, Warszawa 2018.
Web sources
https://bialczynski.pl/slowianie-tradycje-kultura-dzieje/genetyka-skad-pochodza-slowianie-r1a/genetyczne-odkrycia-2010-nowa-genealogia-slowian-i-innych-ludow-bialego-ladu-europy/ [accessed on: 31 I 2020].
https://naryore.eu/norico/45-prozent-der-deutschen-haben-genetisch-gesehen-keltische-wurzeln/ [accessed on: 31 I 2020].
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6436108/ [accessed on: 31 I 2020].
https://www.norsemyth.org/2013/11/the-thor-movies-and-norse-mythology.html [accessed on: 31 I 2020].
https://tajnearchiwumwatykanskie.wordpress.com/2016/04/22/poczet-krolow-lechii-kosciol-w-polsce-od-1050-lat-ukrywa-przed-polakami-ze-jestesmy-starozytnym-antycznym-wielkim-imperium/ [accessed on: 31 I 2020].
https://wiadomosci.tvp.pl/46530492/genetyka-wyjasni-pochodzenie-piastow [accessed on: 31 I 2020].
https://www.eupedia.com/.
https://www.eupedia.com/europe/genetic_maps_of_europe.shtml [accessed on: 31 I 2020].
https://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_J1_Y-DNA.shtml [accessed on: 31 I 2020].
https://www.eupedia.com/genetics/regional_dna_project_france.shtml [accessed on: 31 I 2020].
https://www.polsatnews.pl/wiadomosc/2017-04-17/przedstawiciel-piastow-z/ [accessed on: 31 I 2020].
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/rh.2020.50.55-78
Date of publication: 2020-12-28 11:39:55
Date of submission: 2020-02-24 20:35:16
Statistics
Indicators
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2020 Andrzej Pleszczyński
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.