New Patterns of Protest and Revolution in the Age of Social Media

Jarosław Chodak

Abstract


The article aims to analyse the role of social media in initiating and organising protest and revolutionary movements. Social media, particularly Facebook and Twitter, are widely believed to have been used by activists involved in the global wave of protests and revolutions after 2009. However, the assessment of their role wavers between technological determinism and minimising the impact of new technologies. Considering the current state of research, the author offers his answers to a number of questions: (1) To what extent and how are social media used in the processes of political communication, mobilisation and organisation of protest and revolutionary movements? (2) What is the relation between the old and the new media? (3) What is the relation between the online and offline dimension of collective action? (4) Why has the occupation of public space become the dominant tactic of protest and revolutionary movements in the age of social media? 


Keywords


social media; protest movements; revolutions; ICTs; mobilization

Full Text:

PDF

References


Alterman, J. B. (2011). The revolution will not be tweeted. The Washington Quarterly, 34(4), 103-116. doi:10.1080/0163660X.2011.610714

Anduiza, E., Cristancho, C., & Sabucedo, J. M. (2014). Mobilization through online social networks: the political protest of the indignados in Spain. Information, Communication & Society, 17(6). doi:10.1080/1369118X.2013.808360

Ayres, J. M. (2004). Framing collective action against neoliberalism: The case of the ‘anti-globalization movement’. Journal of World-Systems Research, 10(1), 11-34. doi:10.5195/jwsr.2004.311

Baker, K. M., & Edelstein, D. (2015). Introduction. In K. M. Baker & D. Edelstein (Eds.), Scripting revolution: a historical approach to the comparative study of revolutions (pp. 1-21). Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.

Bastos, M. T., Mercea, D., & Charpentier, A. (2015). Tents, tweets, and events: The interplay between ongoing protests and social media. Journal of Communication, 65(2), 320-350. doi:10.1111/jcom.12145

Bennett, W. L., & Segerberg, A. (2012). The logic of connective action. Digital media and the personalization of contentious politics. Information, Communication & Society, 15(5), 739-768. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2012.670661

Bennett, W. L., & Segerberg, A. (2013). The logic of connective action: Digital media and the personalization of contentious politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139198752

Bohdanova, T. (2014). Unexpected revolution: the role of social media in Ukraine’s Euromaidan uprising. European View, 13(1), 133-142. doi:10.1007/s12290-014-0296-4

Boler, M., & Nitsou, C. (2014). Women activists of Occupy Wall Street: Consciousness-raising and connective action in hybrid social movements. In M. McCaughey (Ed.), Cyberactivism on the participatory web (pp. 232-356). New York: Routledge.

boyd, d. (2014). It’s complicated: the social lives of networked teens. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Caniglia, B. S., & Carmin, J. (2005). Scholarship on social movement organizations: Classic views and emerging trends. Mobilization: An International Quarterly, 10(2), 201-212.

Castells, M. (2012). Networks of outrage and hope: Social movements in the internet age. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Chadwick, A. (2007). Digital network repertoires and organizational hybridity. Political Communication, 24(3), 283-301. doi:10.1080/10584600701471666

Comunello, F., & Anzera, G. (2012). Will the revolution be tweeted? A conceptual framework for understanding the social media and the Arab Spring. Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations, 23(4), 453-470. doi:10.1080/09596410.2012.712435

Costanza-Chock, S. (2012). Mic check! Media cultures and the Occupy Movement. Social Movement Studies, 11(3-4), 375-385. doi:10.1080/14742837.2012.710746

De Jong, W., Shaw, M., & Stammers, N. (Eds.). (2005). Global activism, global media. London: Pluto Press.

Della Porta, D., & Mosca, L. (2005). Global-net for global movements? A network of networks for a movement of movements. Journal of Public Policy, 25(1), 165-190. doi:10.1017/S0143814X05000255

DeLuca, K. M., Lawson, S., & Sun, Y. (2012). Occupy Wall Street on the public screens of social media: The many framings of the birth of a protest movement. Communication, Culture & Critique, 5(4), 483-509. doi:10.1111/j.1753-9137.2012.01141.x

Diuk, N. (2014). Finding Ukraine. Journal of Democracy, 25(3), 83-89.

DuPont, S. (2011). Social media in Egypt: A second public sphere. NDN. Retrieved from http://ndn.org/blog/2011/02/social-media-egypt-second-public-sphere

Flesher Fominaya, C. (2014). Social movements and globalization: How protests, occupations and uprisings are changing the world. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Gerbaudo, P. (2012). Tweets and the streets: Social media and contemporary activism. London: Pluto Press.

Gladwell, M. (2010). Small change: Why the revolution will not be tweeted. The New Yorker. Retrieved from http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2010/10/04/101004fa_fact_gladwell

Granovetter, M. S. (1973). The strength of weak ties. The American Journal of Sociology, 78(6), 1360-1380. doi:10.1086/225469

Granovetter, M. (1983). The strength of weak ties: A network theory revisited. Sociological Theory, 1(1), 201-233. doi:10.2307/202051

Jenkins, H. (2006). Convergence culture: Where old and new media collide. New York: New York University Press.

Jurgenson, N., & Ritzer, G. (2012). The internet, Web 2.0, and beyond. In G. Ritzer (Ed.), The Wiley-Blackwell companion to sociology (pp. 626-648). Malden, MA: John Wiley.

Juris, J. S. (2012). Reflections on #Occupy Everywhere: Social media, public space, and emerging logics of aggregation. American Ethnologist, 39(2), 259-279. doi:10.1111/j.1548-1425.2012.01362.x

Kahn, R., & Kellner, D. (2004). New media and internet activism: From the ‘Battle of Seattle’ to blogging. New Media & Society, 6(1), 87. doi:10.1177/1461444804039908

Kaldor, M., & Selchow, S. (2012). Subterranean politics in Europe: An introduction. openDemocracy. Retrieved from http://www.opendemocracy.net/mary-kaldor-sabine-selchow/subterranean-politics-in-europe-introduction

Kavada, A. (2015). Creating the collective: social media, the Occupy Movement and its constitution as a collective actor. Information, Communication & Society, 18(8). doi:10.1080/1369118X.2015.1043318

Kellner, D. (2011) Media spectacle and insurrection, 2011: From the Arab uprisings to Occupy Everywhere, London: Bloomsbury.

Kellner, D. (2013). Media spectacle, insurrection and the crisis of neoliberalism from the Arab uprisings to Occupy Everywhere! International Studies in Sociology of Education, 23(3), 251-272. doi:10.1080/09620214.2013.790665

Knudson, J. W. (1998). Rebellion in Chiapas: Insurrection by Internet and public relations. Media, Culture & Society, 20(3), 507-518. doi:10.1177/016344398020003009

Langman, L. (2005). From virtual public spheres to global justice: A critical theory of internetworked social movements. Sociological Theory, 23(1), 42-74. doi:10.1111/j.0735-2751.2005.00242.x

Margetts, H., John, P., Hale, S. A., & Yasseri, T. (2016). Political turbulence: How social media shape collective action. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

Martinez-Torres, M. E. (2001). Civil society, the Internet, and the Zapatistas. Peace Review, 13(3), 347-355. doi:10.1080/13668800120079045

McAdam, D., & Sewell, W. H. J. (2001). It’s about time: Temporality in the study of contentious politics. In R. Aminzade (Ed.), Silence and Voice in the Study of Contentious Politics (pp. 89-125). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

McCarthy, J. D., & Zald, M. N. (1977). Resource mobilization and social movements: A partial theory. The American Journal of Sociology, 82(6), 1212-1241. doi:10.1086/226464

Milan, S. (2015). Mobilizing in times of social media: From a politics of identity to a politics of visibility. In L. Dencik & O. Leistert (Eds.), Critical perspectives on social media and protest:

between control and emancipation (pp. 53-70). New York: Rowman & Littlefield International.

Morozov, E. (2009). Iran: Downside to the “twitter revolution”. Dissent, 56(4), 10-14. doi:10.1353/dss.0.0092

Olcese, C. (2014). Social media and political activism: Breaking the offline and online division. In E. Avril & J. N. Neem (Eds.), Democracy, participation and contestation: civil society, governance and the future of liberal democracy (pp. 270-284). London: Routledge.

Olson, M. (1965). The logic of collective action: public goods and the theory of groups. Cambridge Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Onuch, O. (2015). EuroMaidan protests in Ukraine: Social media versus social networks. Problems of Post-Communism, 62(4), 217-235. doi:10.1080/10758216.2015.1037676

Papacharissi, Z. (2014). Affective publics: sentiment, technology, and politics. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Pleyers, G. (2014). From Facebook movements to city square movements. openDemocracy. Retrieved from http://www.opendemocracy.net/geoffrey-pleyers/from-facebook-movements-to-city-square-movements

Salem, S. (2015). Creating spaces for dissent: The Role of social media in the 2011 Egyptian revolution. In D. Trottier & C. Fuchs (Eds.), Social media, politics and the state: protests, revolutions, riots, crime and policing in the age of Facebook, Twitter and YouTube (pp. 171-188). New York: Routledge.

Shirky, C. (2010). The Twitter revolution: more than just a slogan. Prospect. Retrieved from http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/the-twitter-revolution-more-than-just-a-slogan/

Shirky, C. (2011). The political power of social media-technology, The public sphere sphere, and political change. Foreign Affairs, 90(1), 28-41. Retrieved from http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67038/clay-shirky/the-political-power-of-social-media

Sloam, J. (2014). ‘The outraged young’: young Europeans, civic engagement and the social media in a time of crisis. In B. D. Loader, A. Vromen, & M. A. Xenos (Eds.), The Networked young: Citizen social media, political participation and civic engagement (pp. 161-179). New York: Routledge.

Theocharis, Y., Lowe, W., van Deth, J. W., & García-Albacete, G. (2015). Using Twitter to mobilize protest action: Online mobilization patterns and action repertoires in the Occupy Wall Street, Indignados, and Aganaktismenoi movements. Information, Communication & Society, 18(2), 202-220. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2014.948035

Tilly, C. (1979). Repertoires of contention in America and Britain, 1750–1820. In M. N. Zald & J. D. McCarthy (Eds.), The dynamics of social movements (pp. 126-155). Cambridge, MA: Winthrop.

Tremayne, M. (2014). Anatomy of protest in the digital era: A network analysis of Twitter and Occupy Wall Street. Social Movement Studies, 13(1), 110-126. doi:10.1080/ 14742837.2013.830969

Tucker, J. A., Metzger, M., Penfold-Brown, D., Bonneau, R., Jost, J., & Nagler, J. (2014). Protest in the age of social media. Carnegie Reporter, 7(4), 8-19.

Tufekci, Z., & Wilson, C. (2012). Social media and the decision to participate in political protest: Observations from Tahrir Square. Journal of Communication, 62(2), 363-379. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01629.x

Yesil, B. (2016). Media in New Turkey the origins of an authoritarian neoliberal state. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.



Date of publication: 2020-11-01 13:24:25
Date of submission: 2020-11-01 13:21:15


Statistics


Total abstract view - 1022
Downloads (from 2020-06-17) - PDF - 289

Indicators


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2020

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.